B.Ed class-1

 Information Technology is that of
technology which helps in the collection,
storage, processing, retrieval, use and
transmission of information as accurately
and effectively as possible for the
purpose of enriching the knowledge and
developing decisions on making as well
as problem solving ability of the user.

ICT
Stands for "Information and Communication
Technologies." ICT refers to technologies that
provide access to information
through telecommunications.
It is similar to Information Technology (IT), but
focuses primarily on communication
technologies. This includes the Internet, wireless
networks, cell phones, and other communication
mediums.

What is Information?
Information is processed data on which decisions can
be taken and appropriate actions initiated. The
processed data which improves our knowledge and
enabling us to do our work better. Therefore
‘information’ refers as knowledge, facts etc.

•Text
•Picture
•Sound
•Video

 Hardware is the hard physical
component that are visible and
touched. Hardware alone cannot do
anything on its own. Hardware and
software are interdependent.
Computer hardware is made up of
components like key board, VDU,
Printer, CPU etc. These are connected
by wires.

 Software is a set of instructions that
tells the computer how to do a
specific task.

There are two types of software:
 Systems software: the operating system.
 Applications software: the programs we
use.

 Application Software: A set of program
which is written to perform general purpose
application are called application software
eg: - MS word, Excel, Power point etc.
 Systems software is the control software that
operates the hardware and allows the
applications to run. (It can control overall
operations of the computer, it acts as a link
between the user and computer system.):
Eg: - Windows, Linux, Unix etc

 Used for a specific purpose or
application.
› Word processing;
› Numerical analysis and storage;
› Recording of data;
› Designing and graphics;
› Image processing;
› Presentations;
› Desk top publishing;
› Web design.

 Operating Systems run in
the background without
the users being aware of
it.
 It controls the inputs,
outputs, interrupts, and
storage of files as
requested by the
applications software.

 Windows XP, Windows 7 – home and business
 Windows 2000 – business network use
 Mac Operating System – GUI, graphics
 UNIX – general purpose, mainframe
 Linux – alternative to Windows
 Dos – command driven

 Command driven: DOS.
› the user has to type in the command
› it has to be in the correct syntax, errors were
common
› more adaptable than Windows when used by
an experienced user.
 Windows, Icons, Mouse and Pull down
menus.
› originally developed by Apple for the Macintosh
› later developed by Microsoft for Windows 3.1.
› uses a mouse to click onto an icon to navigate
to programs and files.

System Software
Application Software
Open source Software and
Proprietary Software

System Software includes the Operating System
and all the utilities that enable the computer to
function.
System software is a term referring to any computer
software which manages and controls the
hardware so that application software can
perform a task.
Example:
Operating Systems, Compiler, Interpreter.

Application Software includes programs that do
real work for user.
Example:
Payroll systems, Inventory Control, Manage student
database, Word Processor, Spreadsheet and
Database Management System etc.,

 Open source software (OSS) is computer software
whose source code is available under a license
that permits users to use, change, and improve the
software, and to redistribute it in modified or
unmodified form.
 It is often developed in a public, collaborative
manner.
Well-known OSS products are Linux, Netscape,
Apache, etc.,

“Free software” means software that respects
users’ freedom on software. It means that the
users have the freedom to use, copy,
distribute, study, change and improve the
software. Thus, “free software” is a matter of
liberty, not price.

1. The freedom to use the program, for any
purpose and any where.
2. The freedom to study how the program
works, and modify it as you wish.
3. The freedom to redistribute copies so you
can help your friends.
4. The freedom to distribute copies of your
modified versions to others.

 Proprietary software (also called non-free
software) is software with restrictions on using,
copying and modifying as enforced by the
proprietor. Restrictions on use, modification and
copying is achieved by either legal or technical
means and sometimes both.
 Proponents of proprietary software are
Microsoft.
 Ex: CAD, Nortan Antivirus etc.,

Compiler: A compiler is a program that
reads a program in one language – the
source language and translates into an
equivalent program in another language –
the target language.

Interpreter: An interpreter is a
computer program that translates and
executes instructions written in a
computer programming language line-
by-line, unit by unit etc.,
Example: Lisp systems, etc.,

Word Processors:
Word processing is a tool that helps user in creating,
editing, and printing documents. Word processors will
normally have the following capabilities built into them:
 Spell checking
 Standard layouts for normal documents
 Have some characters appear in bold print,
italics, or underlined
 Center lines, make text line up on the left side of
the paper, or the right side of the paper
 Save the document so it can be used again
 print the document.
Examples: WordPerfect and Microsoft Word

Spreadsheets: The spreadsheet packages are
designed to use numbers and formulas to do
calculations with ease. Examples of spreadsheets
include:
 Budgets
 Payrolls
 Grade Calculations
 Address Lists
The most commonly used spreadsheet programs
are Microsoft Excel and Lotus 123.

Graphic Presentations: The presentation
programs can make giving presentations and using
overheads easier. Other uses include:
 Slide Shows
 Repeating Computer Presentations on a
computer monitor
 Using Sound and animation in slide shows
The most recognized graphic presentation
programs are Microsoft PowerPoint and Harvard
Graphics.

Database Management System (DBMS):
 A DBMS is a software tool that allows multiple users
to store, access, and process data into useful
information.
 Database programs are designed for these types
of applications:
 Membership lists
 Student lists
 Grade reports
 Instructor schedules
All of these have to be maintained so you can find
what you need quickly and accurately.
 Example:Microsoft Access, dBASE, Oracle.

Figure 1.1. Basic functional units of a computer.
I/O Processor
Output
Memory
Input and
Arithmetic
logic
Control

 Store programs and data
 Two classes of storage
 Primary storage
Fast
Programs must be stored in memory while
they are being executed
Large number of semiconductor storage
cells
Address
RAM
 Secondary storage – larger and cheaper

 Most computer operations are executed
in ALU of the processor.
 Load the operands into memory – bring
them to the processor – perform
operation in ALU – store the result back
to memory or retain in the processor.

 All computer operations are controlled by the
control unit.
 Operations of a computer:
 Accept information in the form of programs and data
through an input unit and store it in the memory
 Fetch the information stored in the memory, under program
control, into an ALU, where the information is processed
 Output the processed information through an output unit
 Control all activities inside the machine through a control unit

› Input Devices:
devices that input
information into
the computer
such as a
keyboard, mouse,
scanner, and
digital camera.

› Output: devices
that output
information from
the computer
such as a printer
and monitor.

› CPU (Central Processing Unit) also called the
Microprocessor or “The Brain” of the
Computer.
› Processor speed: The speed at which a
microprocessor executes instructions. This is
usually measured in megahertz (MHz).
› Brands of Processors include:
 Pentium
 Celeron
 MAC
 AMD
 Cyrix

› The hard-drive is a
mechanical storage device
typically located internally.
 Fast recording and recovery
of data
 Large storage capacity
 Magnetic
 Primary storage device for
data and programs
 Speed is measured in
R.P.M.’s

› CD-ROM (compact
disk read only
memory)
 Approximately 600 to
700 megabyte of
storage
 An optical device
read by a diode laser

 Floppy diskette is
magnetic storage
device for small
amounts of data
(1.44MB).
 FLASH drive is a
compact and
portable electronic
storage device.
 USB (plug and
play) supported

› Computer memory is binary (0 or 1) (on or off).
› The byte is the standard unit of measurement.
› A byte is composed of 8 bits (binary digits).
› Typical units of measurement:
 1 KB (kilobyte) = 1000 bytes
 1 MB (megabyte) =1000 kilobytes or 1 million
bytes
 1 GB (gigabyte) =1000 megabytes or 1 billion
bytes

› RAM (random access
memory) stores data
that is processing. This
type of memory is
erased when the
computer is turned off.
› ROM (read only
memory) contains
special instructions for
the computer to
operate.

› GUI (Graphic User Interface) is a set of
images and icons seen on the desktop
used to operate a program.
 The GUI makes the programs loaded on
the computer easier to access and use.
Basic Windows GUI
 Icons are small pictures that represent
files, commands, or windows.
 Windows is a GUI operating system
unlike UNIX, which uses text
commands.

Ports are an interface between the computer and
another peripheral device such as a disk drive, mouse,
printer, modem, monitor, camera, FLASH drive or
keyboard.
Examples:
Serial
Parallel
USB

Peripherals are devices
that plug into a
computer and are not
housed internally.
Examples:
Printers
Scanners
Cameras

› Resolution refers to the
number of pixels
(picture elements) in
the monitor image.
› Increased resolution
uses more computer
resources but increases
the visual clarity of the
display.

› Screen resolution is measured in pixel per
inch (ppi), and printer resolution is
measured in dots per inch (dpi).
› Computer screen resolution is
approximately 72 ppi.
Width x Height (Pixels) Video Display
640 x 480 Low Resolution
800 x 600 Medium Resolution
1600 x 1200 High Resolution

› LAN: are networks usually
in the same company or
building. The Local Area
Network is connected via
telephone lines or radio
waves.
› WAN: are systems of
LANs that are
connected. (Wide-area
network)

› Multimedia software
programs include
sound, pictures, video,
text, and hypertext to
create presentations.
Software includes:
PowerPoint
Macromedia Director
FLASH

› Different programs have different file extensions.
› Naming files - avoid the following characters in naming files:
Examples:
 @
 *
 .
› Understand the parts of a path name.
Example: C:SciVismovie.avi
Drive designator Directory or folder File name File extension

› Saving files - know the
difference between “save” and
“save as”. “Save” will save the
open document over the saved
document while “save as”
creates a new document if you
rename the document. Save
often so work will not be lost.

B.Ed class-1

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