Bio basics1 long-version
- 1. Ronnee Yashon Michael Cummings Biology Basics 1 Cells and Cell Structure
- 2. BB1.1 Why Are Cells Important? (1) Life begins as a single cell: a fertilized egg, or zygote Instructions for organism encoded in the DNA of that single cell After ~36–39 weeks, newborn ~40 billion cells All body cells originate from zygote by cell division
- 3. BB1.1 Why Are Cells Important? (2) Organized into organ systems, with highly specialized functions Controlled by genetic information Differences in size and shape, > 200 cell types Carry same genetic information and basic plan
- 4. Cells of the Human Body Cell Types Somatic form body not gametes Germ (gametes) eggs or sperm Stem cells that can divide into different cell types Chromosomes contains genetic material Cells can divide by Mitosis produces identical daughter cells Meiosis produces haploid germ cells
- 5. Somatic Cells in the Body
- 6. Skeletal muscle Cardiac muscle Smooth muscle Red blood cells Kidney cells Lung cells Thyroid cells Pancreatic cells Fig. BB1-1, p. 3
- 7. How is a Cell Organized? Contain 4 classes of large macromolecules composed of subunits linked together Carbohydrates: (sugars) used for energy, chemical markers on the cell Lipids: fats, steroids and waxes Proteins: enzymes, structural, hormones Nucleic Acids: store genetic material
- 8. Classes of Macromolecules in the Cell
- 9. Human Cell Surrounded by a plasma membrane Contains a nucleus with chromosomes Contains organelles, internal structures that act as tiny organs
- 10. Human Cell
- 11. Ribosomes Mitochondrion Nuclear envelope Chromatin Nucleus Nucleolus Nuclear pore Rough Lysosome endoplasmic reticulum Microtubule Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Centrioles Plasma Vacuole membrane Golgi complex Cytoplasm Fig. BB1-2, p. 4
- 12. 3D ANIMATION: Tour of an Animal Cell
- 13. ANIMATION: Lipid bilayer organization To play movie you must be in Slide Show Mode PC Users: Please wait for content to load, then click to play Mac Users: CLICK HERE
- 14. ANIMATION: Nuclear envelope To play movie you must be in Slide Show Mode PC Users: Please wait for content to load, then click to play Mac Users: CLICK HERE
- 15. BB1.3 What Does the Plasma Membrane Do? (1) Double-layered, controls the movement of materials into and out of the cell Genetically determined chemical markers on surface give cell an identity For example, HLA (human leukocyte antigen) identifies organs foreign to the body Mismatch in HLA markers can cause transplant recipient to reject organ
- 16. BB1.3 What Does the Plasma Membrane Do? (2) Contains molecular sensors or receptors To receive and process chemical signals To regulate many critical cell functions Mutations of receptors have important role in some diseases Encloses and protects the cytoplasm
- 18. Outside the cell Carbohydrate chain Lipid Receptor bilayer Various Cholesterol membrane molecule Channel proteins protein Membrane lipid molecule Inside the cell Fig. BB1-3, p. 5
- 19. ANIMATION: Cell membranes To play movie you must be in Slide Show Mode PC Users: Please wait for content to load, then click to play Mac Users: CLICK HERE
- 20. BB1.4 What is in the Cytoplasm Membrane bound organelles ◦ Nucleus ◦ Endoplasmic Reticulum ◦ Golgi Apparatus ◦ Lysosomes ◦ Mitochondria
- 21. Nucleus Surrounded by a double layered membrane Contains nucleoli that synthesize ribosomes Contains chromatin organized into homologous pairs of chromosomes Genes are carriers of genetic information on the chromosomes
- 22. Chromosomes • Most human cells carry two copies of each chromosome o diploid number (2N) =46 • Eggs and sperm carry one copy of each chromosome o haploid number (1N) =23 • At fertilization, the egg and sperm fuse to form at diploid zygote
- 23. Endoplasmic Reticulum Network of membranes Rough ER contains ribosomes, protein synthesis Smooth ER synthesis of lipids and metabolism of toxins
- 24. a. Rough ER (RER) Rough ER lumen Ribosomes Vesicle budding from rough ER Ribosome Fig. BB1-7a, p. 8
- 25. b. Smooth ER (SER) Smooth ER lumen Smooth ER lumen Fig. BB1-7b, p. 8
- 26. Golgi Apparatus Sorts, modifies, packages, and distributes proteins
- 27. Rough ER Vesicle from RER, Smooth ER about to fuse with the Golgi membrane Golgi apparatus (GA) Vesicles budded from Golgi containing Internal finished product space Fig. BB1-8a, p. 8
- 28. Lysosomes Membrane enclosed vesicle, contains digestive enzyme for destruction of materials or cells > 40 genetic disorders of lysosomes
- 29. Lysosome containing Lysosome ingested material Fig. BB1-9, p. 9
- 30. Mitochondria Produce energy for cell Carry own DNA
- 31. Mitochondrion Inner mitochondrial Outer mitochondrial membrane membrane Fig. BB1-10a, p. 9
- 32. Inner Outer mitochondrial mitochondrial membrane membrane Fig. BB1-10b, p. 9
- 33. Organelles and Genetic Disorders
- 34. ANIMATION: Structure of a mitochondrion To play movie you must be in Slide Show Mode PC Users: Please wait for content to load, then click to play Mac Users: CLICK HERE
- 35. INTERACTION: Structure of a mitochondrion To play movie you must be in Slide Show Mode PC Users: Please wait for content to load, then click to play Mac Users: CLICK HERE
- 36. ANIMATION: Chromosome structural organization To play movie you must be in Slide Show Mode PC Users: Please wait for content to load, then click to play Mac Users: CLICK HERE
Editor's Notes
- #7: Figure BB1.1: Some of the More Than 200 Types of Somatic Cells in the Human Body.
- #12: Figure BB1.2: A Typical Human Cell Showing the Major Organelles and Their Locations.
- #19: Figure BB1.3: The Plasma Membrane. Proteins are embedded in a double layer of lipid molecules. These proteins have specific functions, including transport and reception of chemical signals. Short carbohydrate chains are attached to some proteins on the cell surface, giving the cell a molecular identity.
- #25: Figure BB1.7: The Endoplasmic Reticulum. The ER is a network of membranes that form channels in the cytoplasm. (a) Some of the ER has ribosomes (another organelle) on the outer surface, forming the rough endoplasmic reticulum (rough ER or RER). Proteins made by the attached ribosomes enter the RER (the lumen) to be folded and chemically modified. (b) Other parts of the ER do not have ribosomes on the surface and are called the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (smooth ER). Lipids that will become parts of the plasma membrane are made in the smooth ER.
- #26: Figure BB1.7: The Endoplasmic Reticulum. The ER is a network of membranes that form channels in the cytoplasm. (a) Some of the ER has ribosomes (another organelle) on the outer surface, forming the rough endoplasmic reticulum (rough ER or RER). Proteins made by the attached ribosomes enter the RER (the lumen) to be folded and chemically modified. (b) Other parts of the ER do not have ribosomes on the surface and are called the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (smooth ER). Lipids that will become parts of the plasma membrane are made in the smooth ER.
- #28: Figure BB1.8: Golgi Apparatus (GA). Proteins are exported from the RER to the Golgi apparatus. Here the proteins are further modified, sorted, and packaged for distribution to their destinations inside and outside the cell.
- #30: Figure BB1.9: Lysosomes Are the Processing Centers of the Cell. Lysosomes are membrane-enclosed vesicles that contain digestive enzymes. Materials marked for destruction and worn-out organelles end up in the lysosomes, where they are broken down.
- #32: Figure BB1.10: A Mitochondrion. Cells such as liver cells that require a lot of energy can contain more than 1000 mitochondria. Each mitochondrion carries its own genetic information that is used to make molecules involved in energy production.
- #33: Figure BB1.10: A Mitochondrion. Cells such as liver cells that require a lot of energy can contain more than 1000 mitochondria. Each mitochondrion carries its own genetic information that is used to make molecules involved in energy production.