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Biofuels
This document provides an overview of biofuels, including what they are, their advantages over fossil fuels, examples of biofuel feedstocks and production processes, and the current state of the biofuel industry regionally. It discusses that biofuels are fuels produced from plant or animal matter rather than fossil fuels, and are seen as alternatives that are renewable. Examples mentioned include biodiesel, ethanol, and biogas.
Biofuels
- 1. Bangladesh University ofEngineering & Technology PREPARED BY: HASAN SHAHRIAR SAJIB Studying B.Sc. Engineering Mechanical Engineering Bangladesh University of Engineering & Technology (BUET) BIO FUELS (AN ALTERNATIVE FUEL)
- 2. FUELS • Fuels areany materials that store potential energy in forms that can be practicably released and used as heat energy. • Fuels are required for a variety of purposes, but are utilized chiefly for.. 2 Globally, transportation accounts for 25% of energy demand and nearly 62% of oil consumed.
- 3. POWER GENERATION • Thegeneration of electricity is the single largest use of fuel in the world. • More than 60 % of power generated comes from fossil fuels. 3
- 4. FOSSIL FUELS WILLSOON BE EXHAUSTED 4
- 5. BUT • If wehad replenish fuel sources, what direction should we go in? • Electric cars • Solar power • Wind power OR 5
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- 7. WHAT ARE BIOFUELS? Liquid fuel produced from plant products Category: biodiesel, ethanol, methanol, pure vegetable oil An alternative to petroleum based fuel Biodiesel feed stocks: • Palm • Coconut • Jatropha Curcas • rapeseed / mustard seed • Sunflower • Corn • Soybean • Peanuts • Algae • Used restaurant oil • Animal fats Palm seeds Coconut seeds Rapeseeds Jatropha seeds Sunflower seeds Corn Soybean seeds Pond Algae 7
- 8. BIOFUEL VS FOSSILFUEL • Fossil fuels are not renewable, which means they will run out at some point. As our ability to pump fossil fuels from the ground diminishes, the available supply will decrease, which will inevitably lead to an increase in price. • Biofuels can be looked upon as a way of energy security which stands as an alternative of fossil fuels that are limited in availability. Today, the use of biofuels has expanded throughout the globe. 8
- 9. POSITIVES OF BIOFUELS •The energy content of biodiesel is about 90% that of petroleum diesel. • The energy content of ethanol is about 50% that of gasoline. • The energy content of butanol is about 80% that of gasoline. • Biofuels burn cleaner than fossil fuels, resulting in fewer emissions of greenhouse gases, particulate emissions, and substances that cause acid rain such as sulfur. • Biodiesel is sulfur free. • Biodiesel has fewer polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, which have been linked to cancer. • Additionally, biofuels are biodegradable, so if they do spill, less harm is done compared to when fossil fuels spill. 9
- 10. SAY NO TOCRUDE OIL FUELS They are nonrenewable (in the sense that once used it is no longer available) and take millions of years to form • Burning fossil fuels releases carbon dioxide: the gas that causes global warming • Mining of such fuels leads to irreversible damage to the adjoining environment; (narrow shafts for oil, caverns for coal) • Prices for fossil fuels are rising. • Mining coal is a very dangerous job to do and it involves deforestation • Power stations, which make/use coal, need lots of fuel. They regularly get this supply through truck or train, to operate/generate electricity. This means that they also need a large area for the reservation of coal. • The using of natural gases causes horrible smells, especially during transportation. Crude oil is very hazardous. It causes environmental pollution • They release a poisonous gas called carbon monoxide, this gas is very toxic for humans and animals. 10
- 11. CAN YOU IMAGINELIFE WITHOUT FUEL? NO! 11
- 12. PETROL/DIESEL PRICE RISING •Petrol/Diesel price = cost price (procuring + refining + marketing) + tax (central + state) • Cost price = f(international crude price) International Crude Price = f(Supply, Demand, Government policies, Financial Institutions, Geopolitics) • International crude price is rising, therefore cost price is rising thus increasing the petrol price. 12
- 13. HISTORY & CLASSIFICATION OF BIO-FUEL -FIRST GENERATION BIO-FUELS - SECOND GENERATION BIO FUELS. 13
- 14. HISTORY OF BIOFUELS •Biofuels are nothing new. In fact, they've been around as long as cars have. Henry ford originally designed the model T to run on ethanol. And people have been running diesel engines on vegetable oil much longer than they have been running diesel engines on petroleum-based diesel fuel. • Rudolf diesel, inventor of the diesel engine, originally designed it to run on vegetable oil. In fact, one of his early demonstrations, at the world exhibition in Paris in 1897, had a diesel engine running on peanut oil. • Petroleum based fuel originally won out over biofuel because of cost. The table is slowly turning though as fossil fuels become more expensive. • During world war ii, the demand for biofuel increased once again as fossil fuels became less abundant. • Biofuel surged in popularity during the energy crisis of the 1970s. • The most recent surge in biofuel popularity occurred in the 1990s in response to tougher emissions standards and increasing demands for enhanced fuel economy. 14
- 15. TYPES OF BIOFUELS Biofuelsare often broken into two generations: • 1st generation biofuels are also called conventional biofuels. They are made from things like sugar, starch, or vegetable oil. Note that these are all food products. Any biofuel made from a feedstock that can also be consumed as a human food is considered a first generation biofuel. • 2nd generation biofuels are produced from sustainable feedstock. No second generation biofuel is also a food crop, though certain food products can become second generation fuels when they are no longer useful for consumption. Second generation biofuels are often called “advanced biofuels.” • Though not a traditional category of biofuel, some people refer to 3rd generation biofuels. In general, this term is applied to any biofuel derived from algae. These biofuels are given their own separate class because of their unique production mechanism and their potential to mitigate most of the drawbacks of 1st and 2nd generation biofuels 15
- 16. TYPES OF BIOFUELS The1st generation of biofuels comes from • Sugar • Starch • vegetable fats • Animal fats E.G: biofuels are bio-diesel, bioethanol & biogas 16
- 17. • Biodiesel reducescarbon dioxide exhaust emissions by up to 80%. • Biodiesel produces 100% less SOx than petroleum. • Biodiesel reduces exhaust smoke (particulates) emissions by up to 75% so the usual black cloud associated with a diesel engine can be eliminated. • The smell of the biodiesel exhaust is far more pleasant. •Biodiesel is much easier to handle and does not cause cracking or redness. •Biodiesel is much less dangerous to put in vehicle fuel tank as its flash point is ± 150°C (300°F) as opposed to petroleum diesel ± 70°C (150°F). WHY BIODIESEL? 17
- 18. 18 Biodiesel provides significantlubricity improvement over petroleum diesel fuel so engines last longer, with the right additives engine performance can also be enhanced WHY BIODIESEL? 18
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- 22. Jatropha canbe cultivated anywhere along canals, roads, railway tracks, on border of farm and even an alkaline soils. Grown in high as well as low rainfall. In high rainfall yield is more. Occurs mainly at lower altitude(0- 500Cm) with average annual temperature above 200C, and rainfall of 300-1000mm. Provides- Prevention of soil erosion. Soil improvement. Poverty reduction. Renewable energy. Promotion to labors. JATROPHA TREE 22
- 23. ECONOMICS OF BIODIESELFROM JATROPHA 23 Cost of raw jatropha oil = Rs. 22/litre Biodiesel processing cost_ = Rs. 9/litre __________________ Cost of production = Rs. 31/litre Return from crude glycerol = Rs. 3/litre__________________ Net cost of production = Rs. 28/litre Dealers margin _________ =Rs.1/litre__________________ Total cost =Rs. 29/litre Sale price of biodiesel = Rs. 32/litre________________ profit = Rs. 3/litre
- 24. JATROPHA CURCAS CULTIVATION INBANGLADESH 24
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- 26. CORN 26 Corn is theprimary source of the world's fuel ethanol. As of 2012, more than 40 percent of the US corn crop was being used to produce corn ethanol, though not all of ethanol is used as biofuel. up to 15 billion gallons of that will be grain based ethanol, including corn. The advantages of corn are: •Infrastructure for planting, harvesting, and processing is already in place. •Relatively simple conversion of corn starch to ethanol. •Potential to use the rest of the plant (stalk, cob, etc.) To produce ethanol as well. •Corn has the potential to supply about ¼ of US Gasoline consumption. •There are no indirect land use costs with corn The Disadvantages of corn are: •Relatively high requirement for pesticide and fertilizer. Not only is this expensive, but it leads to soil and water contamination. •It is a food staple and use in biofuel has increased food prices worldwide, leading to hunger. •The production rate is low at an average of just 350 gallons of fuel per acre. •Energy yield is about 1.2, which is just barely positive at 20% net yield.
- 27. SUGAR CANE 27 Not farbehind corn in terms of overall ethanol production is sugar can. Unlike corn, sugar cane provides sugar rather than starch, which is more easily converted to alcohol. The advantages of sugar cane include: •Infrastructure for planting, harvesting, and processing that is already in place. •No land use changes provide plantations sizes remain stable. •The yield is higher than that of corn at an average of 650 gallons per acre. •Carbon dioxide emissions can be 90% lower than for conventional gasoline when land use changes do not occur. The disadvantages of sugar cane include: •Despite having a higher yield than corn, it is still relatively low •Few regions are suitable to cultivation •Sugar cane is a food staple in countries of south and central America
- 28. SOYBEANS 28 soybean is stilla major feedstock for the production of biofuel. In this case, rather than ethanol, soybean is used to produce biodiesel. Soybean is probably the worst feedstock for biofuel production. The Advantages of soybeans include: •Grows in many regions •Relatively easy to maintain The disadvantages of soybeans include: • A yield of only about 70 gallons of biodiesel per acre, which is the worst yield of any crop. Palm oil produces almost 10 times as much biodiesel per acre at 600 gallons (palm oil is considered a second generation feedstock). • Soybean is a common food source and thus its use as a biofuel directly threatens the food chain. • It faces a number of disease and pest burdens • It is generally not a profitable biofuel feedstock.
- 29. • Brazil stands1st in terms of biofuel consumption. • According to a report, brazil uses pure ethanol in 20% of their vehicles and a 22 to 26 % ethanol-petrol blend in the rest of their vehicles. • CO emission from automobiles decreased from 50g/km in 1980 to 5.8g/km in 1995 • The USA and Australia use a 10% ethanol blend. • India is 4th largest producer and the government mandated the use of a 5% ethanol blend in petrol sold in nine sugarcane producing states. 29 BIOETHANOL
- 30. FEELING CONFORTABLE WITHBIOFUEL? 30
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- 32. WHAT IS BIOMASS •Biomass is biological material derived from living, or recently living organisms. In the context of biomass for energy this is often used to mean plant based material, but biomass can equally apply to both animal and vegetable derived material. 32 CLASSIFICATION 1. Woody biomass •Coconut •Oil palm •Poplar •Pine 2. Non-woody biomass •Algae •Corn •Grasses •Soybean •Sugar cane
- 33. BENEFITS OF USINGBIOMASS 33 • Many biomass fuels generate lower levels of such atmospheric pollutants as sulphur dioxide, that contributes to 'acid rain'. • The use of biomass fuel provides an economic incentive to manage woodland which improves biodiversity. • Biomass residues, arising, co-products and waste not used for energy, this will generate co2 in any case, and may also produce methane (ch4), a greenhouse gas 21 times more potent that co2.
- 34. BIOGAS What is aBIOGAS? • Biogas typically refers to a gas produced by the breakdown of organic matter in the absence of oxygen. • It is a renewable energy source, like solar and wind energy. Furthermore, biogas can be produced from regionally available raw materials such as recycled waste. COMPOSITIONS 34 Typical composition of biogas Compound Molecular formula % Methane CH4 50–75 Carbon dioxide CO2 25–50 Nitrogen N2 0–10 Hydrogen H2 0–1 Hydrogen sulphide H2S 0–3 Oxygen O2 0–0
- 35. • When biogasis used, many advantages arise. • Biogas could potentially help reduce global climate change. Normally, manure that is left to decompose releases two main gases that cause global climate change. • Nitrogen dioxide and methane. • Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) warms the atmosphere 310 times more than carbon dioxide and methane 21 times more than carbon dioxide. • By converting cow manure into methane biogas via anaerobic digestion, the millions of cows in the united states would be able to produce one hundred billion kilowatt hours of electricity, enough to power millions of homes across the united states. BENEFITS 35
- 36. BIOGAS IN BANGLADESH •In India, Nepal, Pakistan and Bangladesh biogas produced from the anaerobic digestion of manure in small-scale digestion facilities is called gobar gas; it is estimated that such facilities exist in over two million households in India, fifty thousands in Bangladesh and thirty thousands in Pakistan, particularly north Punjab, due to the thriving population of livestock. • The digester is an airtight circular pit made of concrete with a pipe connection. The manure is directed to the pit, usually directly from the cattle shed. • The pit is then filled with a required quantity of wastewater. The gas pipe is connected to the kitchen fireplace through control valves. The combustion of this biogas has very little odour or smoke. • Owing to simplicity in implementation and use of cheap raw materials in villages, it is one of the most environmentally sound energy sources for rural needs. 36
- 37. ALGAE BIOFUELS Algae aresimple plants that range from microalgae to large seaweeds. Most microalgae grow through photosynthesis by converting sunlight, CO2, and a few nutrients, including nitrogen and phosphorous, into biomass. WHY ALGAE BIOFUEL? 37 • Can be grown on marginal lands useless for ordinary crops. • high yield per acre – have a harvesting cycle of 1–10 days. • can be grown with minimal impact on fresh water resources. • can be grown using flue gas from power plants as a CO2 source. • can convert a much higher fraction of biomass to oil than conventional crops, e.g. 60% versus 2-3% for soybean.
- 38. COMPARISON OF OILYIELDS 38 Algae yield is multiple times higher than other biofuel crops. PRODUCTION PROCESS
- 39. BIOFUELS BY REGION •The UN national biofuels forum is formed by brazil, china, India, Pakistan, South Africa, the united states and European commission. • The word leaders in biofuel development and use are brazil, the USA, France, Sweden and Germany. • Biofuels currently make up 3.1% of the total road transport fuel in the UK or 1,440 million liters. • By 2020, 10% of the energy used in UK road and rail transport must come from renewable source-this is the equivalent of replacing 4.3 million tones of fossil oil. • Conventional biofuels are likely to produces between 3.7 and 6.6% of the energy needed in road and rail transport, while advanced biofuels could meet up to 4.3% of the UK'S renewable transport fuel target by 2020. 39
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- 42. CURRENT TRENDS • Biodieselaccounts for about 3% of the German market and 0.15% of the U.S. Market. • About 1 billion gallons of biodiesel are produced annually. • Bioethanol is more popular in the Americas while biodiesel is more popular in Europe. • The U.S. And brazil produce 87% of the world's fuel ethanol. • More than 22 billion gallons of fuel ethanol are produced each year. • Ethanol is added to gasoline to improve octane and reduce emissions. • Biodiesel is added to petroleum-based diesel to reduce emissions and improve engine life. • Concerns about the global price of food have resulted in many nations revising (downward) plans for biofuel production and use. 42
- 43. CURRENT RESEARCH • Researchis on going into finding more suitable biofuel crops and improving the oil yields of these crops. • Specially bred mustard varieties can produce reasonably high oil. • The NFESC ( Naval Facilities Engineering Services Centre ), with SANTA BARBARA based biodiesel industries, is working to develop biofuels technologies for US navy and military, one of the largest diesel fuel users in the world. • A group of Spanish developers working for a company called ECOFASA announced a new biofuel made from trash. 43
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- 46. BIBLIOGRAPHY • Greg pahl.Biodiesel: growing a new energy economy. 2007. Chelsea green publishing company, white rive junction, VT. • Biofuels for transport: global potential and implications for sustainable energy and agriculture. Worldwatch institute. 2007. Camden high street, london, UK. • Biofuels for sustainable rural development and empowerment of women. 2009. Energia. The netherlands. • Vandana shiva. Soil not oil. 2008. South end press, cambridge, MA. 46