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![Surface area increases while
total volume remains constant
5
1
1
6 150 750
125 1251
6 61.2
Total surface area
[Sum of the surface areas
(height ļ“ width) of all boxes
sides ļ“ number of boxes]
Total volume
[height ļ“ width ļ“ length ļ“
number of boxes]
Surface-to-volume
(S-to-V) ratio
[surface area Ć· volume]
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Biol101 chp6-pp-fall10-101024134531-phpapp02
- 1. A Tour of theCell BIOL 101: General Biology I Chapter 6 Rob Swatski Associate Professor of Biology HACC ā York Campus 1
- 2. Cells All organisms made ofcells Simplest level of life Structure correlated with function Cells descend from previous cells 2
- 3.
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- 5. 10 m 1 m 0.1m 1 cm 1 mm 100 ļm Human egg Frog egg Chicken egg Length of some nerve and muscle cells Human height Unaidedeye 5
- 6. 1 mm 100 ļm 10ļm 1 ļm 100 nm 10 nm 1 nm 0.1 nm Atoms Small molecules Lipids Proteins Ribosomes Viruses Smallest bacteria Mitochondrion Most bacteria Nucleus Most plant and animal cells Human egg Lightmicroscopy Electronmicroscopy Super- resolution microscopy 1 cm Frog egg 6
- 7. (a) Brightfield (unstained) (b)Brightfield (stained) TECHNIQUE RESULTS 50 Āµm 7
- 8. (c) Phase-contrast (d) Differential-interference contrast(Nomarski) TECHNIQUE RESULTS 8
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- 16. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) TECHNIQUERESULTS Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) 16
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- 20. 20 Cell Fractionation Separate organelles Correlate cytology withbiochemistry Homogenization Ultracentrifugation Differential centrifugation
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- 22. 1,000 g 10 min Supernatant 20,000g 20 min 80,000 g 60 min 150,000 g 3 hr Pellet rich in nuclei and cellular debris Pellet rich in mitochondria (& chloroplasts in plants) Pellet rich in āmicrosomesā (membrane debris) Pellet rich in ribosomes 22
- 23. 2 Main Typesof Cells Prokaryotic (Domains Archaea & Bacteria) Eukaryotic (Domain Eukarya) 23
- 24. 24 Basic Features of AllCells Plasma membrane Cytosol: semifluid DNA: Chromosomes carry genes Ribosomes
- 25. 25 Features of Prokaryotic Cells No nucleus DNAin nucleoid No membrane- bound organelles Cell wall, plasma membrane, & cytoplasm
- 26. Fig. 6-6 (a) Atypical rod- shaped bacterium Ribosomes Plasma membrane Cell wall Capsule Flagellae Bacterial chromosome Fimbriae Nucleoid 26 Prokaryotic Cell
- 27. 27 Features of Eukaryotic Cells DNAin nucleus Nuclear envelope with pores Membrane-bound organelles Plasma membrane & cytoplasm Larger size
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- 30. 30 Head Polar Hydrophilic Glycerol & phosphate Tails Nonpolar Hydrophobic 2 Fattyacids Phospholipid Structure
- 31. Plasma Membrane (Phospholipidbilayer) 31
- 32. Structure of thePlasma Membrane Outside of cell Inside of cell Hydrophilic region Hydrophobic region Hydrophilic region Proteins Carbohydrate side-chain 32
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- 36. 36 Surface Area- to-Volume Ratio SA dividedby Volume Membrane relationship As SA doubles, volume triples Small cells have more SA relative to volume
- 37. Surface area increaseswhile total volume remains constant 5 1 1 6 150 750 125 1251 6 61.2 Total surface area [Sum of the surface areas (height ļ“ width) of all boxes sides ļ“ number of boxes] Total volume [height ļ“ width ļ“ length ļ“ number of boxes] Surface-to-volume (S-to-V) ratio [surface area Ć· volume] 37
- 38. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER) SmoothERRough ER Flagellum Centrosome CYTOSKELETON: Microfilaments Intermediate filaments Microtubules Microvilli Peroxisome Mitochondrion Lysosome Golgi apparatus Ribosomes Plasma membrane Nuclear envelope Nucleolus Chromatin NUCLEUS 38
- 39.
- 40. NUCLEUS Nuclear envelope Nucleolus Chromatin Rough endoplasmic reticulum Smoothendoplasmic reticulum Ribosomes Central vacuole Microfilaments Intermediate filaments Microtubules CYTO- SKELETON Chloroplast Plasmodesmata Wall of adjacent cell Cell wall Plasma membrane Peroxisome Mitochondrion Golgi apparatus 40
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- 44. Nuclear envelope: Inner membrane Outermembrane Nuclear pore Surface of nuclear envelope 1 ļm 44
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- 46. DNA Chromatin Non-dividing cells Unorganized, loose threads of DNA& protein Chromosomes Dividing cells Genes 46
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- 48.
- 49. 49 Nucleolus Inside nucleus Made ofRNA & protein Site of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis Makes small and large ribosomal subunits
- 50. Ribosomes Particles consisting of rRNA &proteins Made by nucleolus Small & large subunits Site of protein synthesis 50Free Ribosomes
- 51.
- 52.
- 53.
- 54. Smooth ER Rough ER Cisternae Ribosomes Transportvesicle Transitional ER Nuclear envelope ER lumen 54
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- 57. 57 Rough ER Functions Contains bound ribosomesthat secrete glycoproteins Makes membrane proteins Distributes transport vesicles Sends vesicles to Golgi apparatus
- 58. 58 Golgi Apparatus Cisternae: flattened membrane sacs Modifies products ofthe ER Makes macromolecules Sorts & packages materials into transport vesicles
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- 61. 61 Golgi Apparatus =Amazon.com
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- 71. Peroxisomes Smaller membrane-bound vesicles Contain enzymes that oxidize organicwastes Convert hydrogen peroxide ļ water Break down variety of macromolecules 71
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- 73. 73 Vacuoles Larger membrane- bound organelle derivedfrom ER & Golgi Food vacuole: from phagocytosis Contractile vacuole: protists Central vacuole: plants
- 74.
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- 77. 77 Mitochondria Double membrane: outer &inner Site of Aerobic cellular respiration Makes ATP In all Eukarya
- 78.
- 79. 79 Mitochondria Structure Smooth outer membrane Folded inner membrane= cristae Intermembrane space Matrix
- 80. Intermembrane space Outer DNA Inner membrane Cristae Matrix Free ribosomes in the mitochondrial matrix 0.1ļm membrane Mitochondria Structure 80
- 81. 81 Chloroplasts In plants &protists Type of plastid Site of photosynthesis Contain chlorophyll
- 82.
- 83.
- 84. 84 Chloroplast Structure Smooth outer membrane Inner membranes = thylakoids Grana= stacks of thylakoids Stroma
- 85. Ribosomes Stroma Inner & outer membranes Granum 1ļmIntermembrane space Thylakoid DNA Chloroplast Structure 85
- 86. 86 Mitochondria & Chloroplasts Similar to bacteria Have adouble membrane Proteins are made by free ribosomes Have their own circular DNA molecules
- 87. ā An earlyancestor of eukaryotic cells engulfed a nonphotosynthetic prokaryotic cell, which formed an endosymbiont relationship with its host ā The host cell and endosymbiont merged into a single organism, a eukaryotic cell with a mitochondrion ā At least one of these cells may have taken up a photosynthetic prokaryote, becoming the ancestor of cells that contain chloroplasts The Endosymbiont Theory 87
- 88. NucleusEndoplasmic reticulum Nuclear envelope Ancestor of eukaryotic cells (hostcell) Engulfing of oxygen- using nonphotosynthetic prokaryote, which becomes a mitochondrion Mitochondrion Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote Mitochondrion Photosynthetic eukaryote Engulfing of photosynthetic prokaryote Chloroplast 88
- 89.
- 90. Functions of the Cytoskeleton Anchors organelles &organizes cell structure Supports cell & maintains cell shape Regulates cell division & biochemical activities Interacts with motor proteins to move organelles & cells 90
- 91.
- 92.
- 93. Microtubules Thick, hollow rods oftubulin Maintain cell shape Transport organelles & entire cell Separate chromosomes during cell division ā form spindle 93
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- 95. Centrosomes Contain centrioles 9 + 0 arrangement ofMTās MT- organizing centers Create mitotic spindle 95
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- 98. 98 Cilia & Flagella Both madeof MTās sheathed by plasma membrane 9 + 2 MT arrangement Anchored to cell by basal body Motor protein (dynein) drives bending movement
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- 104. Power stroke Recoverystroke Cilia Flagellae 104
- 105. 105 Dynein āWalkingā Dynein arms grab, move,& release outer MTās Protein cross-links limit sliding MT doublets curve, bending cilium or flagellum
- 106. ATP Effect of unrestraineddynein movement 106
- 107. ATP Effect of cross-linkingproteins 107
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- 111. 111 Microfilaments Thin, solid protein fibers Twisteddouble- chain of actin Bear tension & resist pulling forces inside cell Form 3-D network (cortex) under plasma membrane
- 112. Functions of Microfilaments Support & maintain cellshape & allow changes to shape Cell motility: amoeboid movement & cytoplasmic streaming Muscle contraction Cell division 112
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- 117. 117 Actin (with myosinmotors) in muscle
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- 121. 100 ļm Cortex (outercytoplasm): gel with actin network Inner cytoplasm: sol with actin subunits Extending pseudopodium Amoeboid movement 121
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- 124. Intermediate Filaments Medium-diameter keratin cables More permanent Maintaincell shape Anchor nucleus & other organelles 124
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- 126. 126 Extracellular Structures Cell walls inplants Extracellular matrix of animal cells Intercellular junctions
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- 129. 129 Cell Walls in Plants Cellulosefibers embedded with polysaccharides & proteins Protect & maintain cell shape Prevent excessive uptake of water
- 130. 130 Structure of the PlantCell Wall Primary cell wall Middle lamella Secondary cell wall Plasmodesmata
- 131. Secondary cell wall Primary cell wall Middle lamella Centralvacuole Cytosol Plasma membrane Plant cell walls Plasmodesmata 1 ļm 131
- 132. 132 Extracellular Matrix (ECM) of AnimalCells Made of glycoproteins: Collagen, proteoglycans, fibronectin ECM proteins bind to receptor proteins called integrins in plasma membrane
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- 138. Tight junctions prevent fluidfrom moving across a layer of cells Tight junction Tight junction TEM 0.5 ļm TEM 1 ļm TEM 0.1 ļm Extracellular matrixPlasma membranes of adjacent cells Space between cells Ions or small molecules Desmosome Intermediate filaments Gap junction 138
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