Biological classification Monera Protista fungi plantae and Animalia

CHAPTER 2
BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION
1. __________ was the earliest to attempt a more _____ basis for classification.
2. Aristotle used simple ______to classify plants into trees, shrubs and herbs.
3. Aristotle divided animals into two groups, those which had ____ and those that did not.
4. __________ developed two Kingdom system of classification with Plantae and Animalia
kingdoms was developed that included all plants and animals respectively.
5. Two Kingdom system did not distinguish between the ______and ______, unicellular and
multicellular organisms and _____ (green algae) and ____ (fungi) organisms.
6. Classification of organisms into plants and animals was easily done and was easy to
understand, but, a _______ did not fall into either category.
7. Besides, gross morphology a need was also felt for including other characteristics like cell
________, __________,________, ________,_______ and __________.
8. Classification systems for the living organisms, undergone several changes over the time.
though ______ and _____ kingdoms have been a constant under all different systems.
9. The understanding of what groups/organisms be included under these kingdoms have been
changing; the ___ and ___ of other kingdoms have also been understood differently by
different scientists over the time.
10. Cell type in Monera made up of ________.
11. Cell type in Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia _________.
12. Cell wall of Monera made up of _________.
13. Mode of nutrition in Monera_________.
14. Body organisation in Monera______.
15. Cell wall of Protista_______.
16. Body organisation in Protista_____.
17. Mode of nutrition in Protista______.
18. Fungi cell wall made up of ______.
19. Body organisation in Fungi________.
20. Mode of nutrition in Fungi________.
21. Cell wall of Plantae made up of _______.
22. Mode of nutrition in Plantae _______.
23. Body organisation in Plantae ________.
24. Cell wall in Animalia_______.
25. Body organisation in Animalia ______.
26. Mode of nutrition in Animalia ________.
27. _________ proposed a Five Kingdom Classification.
28. The Five Kingdoms were named _____,_______,_____,_____,_____.
29.The main criteria for Five Kingdoms classification include
_____,_____,____,____,______ and_____.
30. The three-domain system has also been proposed that divides the Kingdom Monera into
two domains such as ________ and _________, leaving the remaining eukaryotic kingdoms
in the third domain and thereby a six kingdom classification.
31. Earlier classification systems included _____,____,______,____ and ___ under ‘Plants’.

32. The two kingdom Classification was based on presence or absence of ______.
33. In two kingdom classification unicellular ____ and ___were placed together under algae.
34. The two kingdom classification did not differentiate between the heterotrophic group ___
and the autotrophic___ though they also showed a characteristic difference in their walls
composition the fungi had ___ cell wall.
35. All prokaryotic organisms were grouped together under Kingdom _____and the
unicellular eukaryotic organisms were placed in Kingdom _____.
36. Kingdom Protista has brought together _________,_______ (earlier placed in Algae
within Plants and both having cell walls) with _____ and ____ (which were earlier placed in
the animal kingdom which lack cell wall).
37. In Classification system changes will take place in future too depending on the
improvement in our understanding of _____ and __________.
38. Over time, an attempt has been made to evolve a classification system which reflects not
only the ______,______and ______ but is also phylogenetic, i.e., is based on evolutionary
relationships.
2.1 KINGDOM MONERA
39. ________ are the sole members of the Kingdom Monera.
40. ____ most abundant micro-organisms.
41. ______ of bacteria is present in a handful of soil.
42. Bacteria live in ____ habitats such as hot springs, deserts, snow and deep oceans where
very few other life forms can survive. Many of them live in or on other organisms as ____.
43. Bacteria are grouped under _____ categories based on their shape: the spherical ____ the
rod-shaped ____ the comma-shaped ___ and the spiral _____.
44. In given image identified (A) ____ and (B)_____?
45. Bacteria structure is very ___ they are very _____in behaviour.
46. Compared to many other organisms, bacteria as a group show the most extensive ____
diversity.
47. Some of the bacteria are ____ they synthesise their own food from inorganic substrates.
48. Bacteria may be _____ autotrophic or _____ autotrophic.
49. The vast majority of bacteria are_____ i.e., they depend on other organisms or on dead
organic matter for food.

2.1.1 Archaebacteria:
50. ______ bacteria are special since they live in some of the most harsh habitats.
51. Bacteria at extreme salty areas ____ hot springs____ and marshy areas____.
52. Archaebacteria differ from other bacteria in having a different ___ structure and this
feature is responsible for their survival in ___ conditions.
53. Methanogens are present in the ____ of several ruminant animals such as cows and
buffaloes and they are responsible for the production of ___ from the dung of these animals.
2.1.2 Eubacteria:
54. There are ______ of different eubacteria or ‘true bacteria’. They are characterised by the
presence of a rigid_____, and if motile, a _____ present.
55. The cyanobacteria also referred to as blue-green algae have _____ similar to green plants
and are photosynthetic autotrophs.
56. The cyanobacteria are____, ____ or______ freshwater/marine or terrestrial algae.
57. Cyanobacteria colonies are generally surrounded by _________.
58. Cyanobacteria often form _____in polluted water bodies.
59. Some of Cyanobacteria can fix atmospheric nitrogen in specialised cells called____.
60. Example for cyanobacteria __________, __________
61.______ bacteria oxidise various ____ substances such as nitrates, nitrites and ammonia
and use the released energy for their ATP production.
62. ______ bacteria play a great role in recycling nutrients like nitrogen ___iron and sulphur.
63. ______ bacteria are most abundant in nature and the majority are important decomposers.
64. Many bacteria have a significant impact on human affairs. They are helpful in making
curd from milk, production of______, fixing nitrogen in _____ roots.
65.____, ___, ___, ____ are well known diseases caused by different bacteria.
66. Bacteria reproduce mainly by _____.
67. Bacteria under unfavourable conditions, they produce_____.
68. Bacteria also reproduce by a sort of sexual reproduction by adopting a primitive type of
_______ from one bacterium to the other.
69. ______ are organisms that completely lack a cell wall.
70. ____ are the smallest living cells known and can survive without____ and pathogenic in
animals and plants.
71. In given image identified (A) ____ and (B)?
2.2 KINGDOM PROTISTA:
72. The boundaries of this _____ kingdom are not well defined.
73.The photosynthetic protistan’ to one biologist may be ___ to another.
74. Protista include____, ____,___,___ and ___ under Protista.

75. The members of Protista are primarily _____.
76. This kingdom forms a link with the others dealing with _____, _____, _______.
77. Being eukaryotes, the protistan cell body contains a well-defined ____ and other
membrane-bound organelles. Some have flagella or ____.
78. Protists reproduce ____ and ___ by a process involving cell fusion and ___formation.
2.2.1 Chrysophytes
79. Chrysophytes group includes ___ and ____.
80. Chrysophytes are found in _____ as well as in ____ environments.
81. Chrysophytes are ____ and float ____ in water currents (plankton).
82. In diatoms the cell walls form two ___ overlapping shells, which fit together as in a ____.
83. Chrysophytes walls are embedded with ___ and thus the walls are indestructible.
84. Diatoms have left behind large amount of cell wall deposits in their habitat; this
accumulation over ____ of years is referred to as _________.
85. Being gritty this soil is used in ______, _____of oils and syrups.
86. Diatoms are the ______ in the oceans
2.2.2 Dinoflagellates:
87. Dinoflagellates organisms are mostly ______ and_________.
88. Dinoflagellates appear yellow, green, brown, blue or red depending on the ______
present in their cells.
89. The cell wall has stiff ____ plates on the outer surface.
90. Dinoflagellates most of them have two flagella; one lies_____ and the other ____ in a
furrow between the wall plates.
91. Very often, red dinoflagellates (Example: _______ ) undergo such rapid multiplication
that they make the sea appear red (red tides).
92. Toxins released by such large numbers may even kill other ___ animals such as ____.
93. Identify the given image_____.
2.2.3 Euglenoids
94. Majority Euglenoids are ____water organisms found in _____ water.
95. Instead of a cell wall, they have a ___ rich layer called ____which makes their body
flexible.
96. Euglenoids have two flagella, a ___ and a _____ one.
97. Euglenoids are photosynthetic in the presence of sunlight, when deprived of sunlight they
behave like ______ by predating on other smaller organisms.
98. Interestingly, the pigments of Euglenoids are identical to those present in_____.
99. Identify the given image____?

2.2.4 Slime Moulds
100. Slime moulds are _______ protists.
101. The body moves along _________ twigs and leaves _______ organic material.
102. Under suitable conditions, slime moulds form an aggregation called _____ which may
grow and spread over____.
103. During_______ conditions, the plasmodium differentiates and forms ____ bodies
bearing spores at their tips.
104. The spores possess ______ walls. They are extremely resistant and survive for____ ,
even under adverse conditions.
105. The spores of slime moulds are dispersed by ______.
106. Identify the given image____________.
2.2.5 Protozoans
107. All protozoans are _____ and live as ______ or_______.
108. Protozoans are believed to be ______ of animals.
109. Protozoans are four major groups _______, _______,________, __________
110. Amoeboid protozoans live in _______, ________ or moist soil.
111. Amoeboid protozoans move and capture their prey by putting out _____as in Amoeba.
112. Marine forms have ___ shells on their surface.
113. Example for amoeboid protozoans is as_________.
114. Flagellated protozoans are either ____ or______.
115. The parasitic forms cause diseases such as______. Example: ________.
116. Ciliated protozoan’s are_____ actively moving organisms because of the presence of
thousands of_____.
117. Ciliated protozoan’s have a _____ that opens to the outside of the cell surface.
118. The coordinated movement of rows of ______ causes the water laden with food to be
steered into the ______.
119. Example for n Ciliated protozoan’s_______.
120. Sporozoans include ____ organisms that have an ___ spore-like stage in their life cycle.
121. The most notorious is _________ which causes _____ a disease which has a staggering
effect on human population.
122. Identify the below given organism________.

2.3 KINGDOM FUNGI
123. The fungi constitute a unique kingdom of _________ organisms.
124. Fungi show a great diversity in _______ and _______.
125. The common mushroom you eat and ________ are also fungi.
126. White spots seen on _____ leaves are due to a parasitic fungus.
127. Some unicellular fungi, _____ are used to make bread and beer.
128. Wheat rust caused by _______.
129. Some fungi are the source of antibiotics, e.g.______.
130. Fungi are _____ and occur in air, water, soil and on animals and plants.
131. Fungi prefer to grow in ____ and _______ places.
132. Refrigerators prevent food from going bad due to _____ or ____ infections.
133. Yeast is ______ fungi.
134. Fungi bodies consist of long, slender thread-like structures called ______.
135. The network of fungi hyphae is known as ______.
136. Some fungi hyphae are continuous tubes filled with multinucleated cytoplasm these are
called ____ hyphae.
137. Fungi have septate or cross walls in their hyphae. The cell walls of fungi are composed
of _________.
138. Most fungi are heterotrophic and absorb soluble organic matter from dead substrates and
hence are called _________.
139. Fungi depend on living plants and animals are called_______.
140. Fungi also live as symbionts, in association with algae as ____ and with roots of higher
plants as ______.
141. Reproduction in fungi can take place by vegetative means_______, _____and____.
142. Asexual reproduction is by spores called _________, _______, ________.
143. Sexual reproduction is by ___________,___________,________.
144. The various spores are produced in distinct structures called _____bodies.
145. The sexual cycle involves three steps: _______, ___________, _______.
146. Fusion of protoplasms between two motile or non-motile gametes called______.
147. Fusion of two nuclei called_______.
148. Meiosis in zygote resulting in ______.
149. When a fungus reproduces sexually, two____ hyphae of compatible mating types come
together and fuse.
150. In some fungi the fusion of two haploid cells immediately results in _____.
151. Some fungi _________ and __________an intervening dikaryotic stage (n + n, i.e., two
nuclei per cell) occurs; such a condition is called a _______ and the phase is called ______of
fungus.
152. Based on morphology of the________, _______and ______form the basis for the
division of the fungi kingdom into various classes.
2.3.1 Phycomycetes
153. Members of phycomycetes are found in ____ habitats and on decaying wood in moist
and damp places or as ________ on plants.
154. The phycomycetes mycelium is _____ and_______.

155. Asexual reproduction takes place by _____ (motile) or by _____ (non-motile), These
spores are _______ produced in sporangium.
156. A Zygospores is formed by fusion of two _______.
157. The gametes are similar in morphology ______ or dissimilar __________
158. Some common examples phycomycetes________,_______,______
159. ______ is the bread mould and _________ is the parasitic fungi on mustard.
2.3.2 Ascomycetes
160. Ascomycetes commonly known as ______.
161. The ascomycetes are mostly multicellular, e.g., _____ or rarely unicellular, e.g., ____.
162. Fungi are saprophytic, decomposers, parasitic or _______ (growing on dung).
163. Ascomycetes Mycelium is _____ and_______.
164. The asexual spores in ascomycetes are ______ produced ______ on the special
mycelium called _____.
165. Conidia on germination produce ______
166. Sexual spores in ascomycetes called as _____which are produced ____ in sac like ____.
167. Asci/ascus are arranged in different types of fruiting bodies called_____.
168. ______ is used extensively in biochemical and genetic work.
169. Many members of ascomycetes like ____ and ____are edible and are considered
delicacies.
2.3.3 Basidiomycetes
170. Commonly known forms of Basidiomycetes are ______,_______,_____
171. Basidiomycetes grow in soil, on logs and tree stumps and in living plant bodies as ____.
172. Basidiomycetes causes ________and _______ on plants
173. The mycelium of Basidiomycetes is _______and_____.
174. The Basidiomycetes asexual spores are_____.
175. The vegetative reproduction in basidiomycetes by _______.
176. The sex organs of Basidiomycetes are ______.
177. In basidiomycetes Plasmogamy is brought about by fusion of two ________ of different
strains or genotypes, the resultant structure is _____ which ultimately gives rise to _____.
178. ____ and ____take place in the basidium producing four_______.
179. The basidiospores are _____ produced on the basidium.
180. The basidia are arranged in fruiting bodies called _________.
181. Some common members of Basidiomycetes are ______, __________,________.
182. Mushroom _________ Smut by _______ and Rust by_________.
2.3.4 Deuteromycetes
183. Deuteromycetes commonly known as _______because only the ______ phases of these
fungi are known.
184. Once perfect (sexual) stages of members of Deuteromycetes were discovered they were
often moved to________ and _______.
185. The deuteromycetes reproduce only by asexual spores known as_____.

186. The parasites. mycelium is______ and ______.
187. In deuteromycetes some members of deuteromycetes are________ or ________.
188. In deuteromycetes large numbers of them are_______ of litter and help in ______.
189. Examples for deuteromycetes_______, ________and _______.
190. Identify the given images A_______ B________ C___________.
2.4 KINGDOM PLANTAE
191. Kingdom Plantae includes all eukaryotic ______ containing organisms.
192. A few members are partially ______ such as the _________ plants or parasites.
193. ______ and ______ are examples of insectivorous plants and_____ is a parasite.
194. The plant cells have an eukaryotic structure with prominent chloroplasts and cell wall
mainly made of _________.
195. Plantae includes ________,________,________,________,and _______.
196. Life cycle of plants has two distinct phases the diploid ______and the haploid
______that alternate with each other.
197. The lengths of the haploid and diploid phases, and whether these phases are free– living
or dependent, vary among different groups in plants. This phenomenon is called _______.
2.5 KINGDOM ANIMALIA
198. Animalia kingdom is characterised by _____ eukaryotic organisms that are multicellular
and their cells lack_____.
199. Animals digest their food in an internal cavity and store food reserves as _____.
200. Animals mode of nutrition is ____ by ingestion of food.
201. Animal follows a definite __ pattern and grow into adults that have a definite __ and __.
202. Higher forms of animals show elaborate _____ and ______ mechanism. Most of them
are capable of _______.
203. The sexual reproduction is by copulation of male and female followed by _____
development.
2.6 VIRUSES, VIROIDS, PRIONS AND LICHENS
204. In the five kingdom classification of Whittaker there is no mention of ____ and some
acellular organisms like_________,________ and _______.
205. All of us who have suffered the ill effects of ________ know what effects viruses can
have on us, even if we do not associate it with our condition.
206. Viruses did not find a place in classification since they are not considered _____.

207. The viruses are ________ organisms that are characterised by having an __________
outside the living cell.
208. Viruses once they infect a cell they take over the machinery of the host cell to ______
themselves, killing the host
209. Virus means ______ or ______fluid.
210. _______ scientist recognised certain microbes as causal organism of the mosaic disease
of tobacco.
211. Virus was found to be smaller than bacteria because they passed through _____filters.
212. _____ scientist demonstrated that the extract of the infected plants of tobacco could
cause infection in healthy plants and called the fluid as __________.
213.___ scientist showed that viruses could be crystallised and crystals consist largely of __.
214. Viruses are ___ outside their specific host cell. Viruses are ____ parasites.
215. In addition to proteins, viruses also contain genetic material that could be either
____or____.
216. No virus contains both _____and ____.
217. A virus is a nucleoprotein and the genetic material is_______.
218. In general, viruses that infect plants have ______.
219. Viruses that infect animals have either _____ or______ or ______.
220. Bacterial viruses or bacteriophages (viruses that infect the bacteria) are usually has____.
221. The protein coat called____ made of small subunits called_____, protects the ______.
222. The capsomeres are arranged in _____ or _____geometric forms.
223. Viruses cause animal diseases like______ , _______,_____and____.
224. In plants, the symptoms can be _____ formation, leaf____ and____, yellowing and vein
clearing, ______and____ growth.
225. Identify the A_____ and B_______ in the given TMV.
226. Identify the A_______,B_____,C_______,D_____ in the given
Bacteriophage.
227. In 1971_______ discovered a new infectious agent that was smaller than viruses and
caused _______ disease.
228. Viroids were found to be a free ____ it lacked the ____ that is found in viruses.
229. The RNA of the viroid was of low__________.
230. In modern medicine certain infectious neurological diseases were found to be
transmitted by an agent consisting of ______folded protein called ______.
231. Prions were _____ in size to viruses.

232. The most notable diseases caused by prions are __________commonly called
_____disease in cattle and its analogous variant ______ in humans.
233. _____are symbiotic associations between algae and fungi.
234. The algal component is known as ____ and fungal component as____.
235. Algae prepare _____ for fungi and fungi provide ____ and absorb mineral nutrients and
water for its partner.
236. Lichens are very good _____ they do not grow in polluted areas.
SUMMARY
237. Biological classification of plants and animals was first proposed by ____on the basis of
simple_______.
238. _______ classified all living organisms into two kingdoms Plantae and Animalia.
239. ______ proposed an elaborate five kingdom classification; Monera, Protista, Fungi,
Plantae and Animalia.
240. In the five kingdom classification, bacteria are included in Kingdom ____.
241. Bacteria are ______ in distribution.
242. Bacteria show the most extensive _____ diversity.
243. Bacteria may be _________ or_________ in their mode of nutrition.
244.Kingdom Protista includes all single-celled _____ such as ___,____,____,____ and___.
245. Members of Kingdom Fungi show a great diversity in ________ and _______.
246. Most fungi are ______ in their mode of nutrition.
247. The plantae includes all eukaryotic____ containing organisms.
248. The heterotrophic eukaryotic, multicellular organisms lacking a cell wall are included in
the Kingdom______.
249. The mode of nutrition in animals is _____.
250. Some acellular organisms like ____ and ____ as well as the____ are not included in the
five kingdom system of classification.

Key:
1. Aristotle, scientific
2. Morphological characters
3. Red blood
4. Linnaeus
5. Eukaryotes and prokaryotes,
photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic
6. Large number of organisms
7. Cell structure, nature of wall, mode of
nutrition, habitat, methods of reproduction,
evolutionary relationships.
8. Plant and animal
9. Number, nature
10. Prokaryotic
11. Eukaryotic
12. Noncellulosic (Polysaccharide + amino
acid)
13. Autotrophic (chemosynthetic and
photosynthetic) and Heterotrophic
(saprophytic/parasitic)
14. Cellular
15. Present in some
16. Cellular
17. Autotrophic (Photosynthetic) and
Heterotrophic
18. Chitin
19. Multicellular/ loose tissue
20. Heterotrophic (Saprophytic/ Parasitic)
21. Present (cellulose)
22. Autotrophic (Photosynthetic)
23. Tissue/ organ
24. Absent
25. Tissue/organ/ organ system
26. Heterotrophic (Holozoic/ Saprophytic)
27. R.H. Whittaker (1969)
28. Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae and
Animalia.
29. Cell structure, body organisation, mode
of nutrition, reproduction and phylogenetic
relationships.
30. Archaebacteria and Eubacteria
31. Bacteria, blue green algae, fungi, mosses,
ferns, gymnosperms and angiosperms
32. Cell wall
33. Chlamydomonas, Spirogyra
34. Fungi, green plants, chitin
35. Monera, Protista
36. Chlamydomonas and Chlorella,
Paramoecium and Amoeba
37. Characteristics and evolutionary
relationships
38. Morphological, physiological and
reproductive
39. Bacteria
40. Bacteria
41. Hundreds
42. Extreme, parasites
43. Four, Coccus, Bacillus, Vibrio, Spirillum
44. A: Spore B: Flagella
45. Simple, complex
46. Metabolic
47. Autotrophic
48. Photosynthetic, chemosynthetic
49. Heterotrophs
50. Archaebacteria
51.Halophiles,Thermoacidophiles,
Methanogens.
52. Cell wall, extreme
53. Gut, methane (biogas)
54. Thousands, cell wall, flagellum
55. Chlorophyll ‘a’
56. Unicellular, colonial, filamentous
57. Gelatinous sheath
58. Blooms
59. Heterocyst’s
60. Nostoc and Anabaena.

61. Chemosynthetic autotrophic, inorganic
62. Chemosynthetic autotrophic,
phosphorous
63. Heterotrophic
64. Antibiotics, legume
65. Cholera, typhoid, tetanus, citrus canker
66. Fission
67. Spores
68. DNA transfer
69. Mycoplasma
70. Mycoplasma, oxygen
71. Heterocyst, Mucilaginous sheath
72. Protista
73. Plant
74. Chrysophytes, Dinoflagellates,
Euglenoids, Slime moulds and Protozoans
75. Aquatic
76. Plants, animals and fungi
77. Nucleus, Cilia
78. Asexually, sexually, zygote
79. Diatoms, golden algae (desmids).
80. Fresh water, marine
81. Microscopic, passively
82. Thin, soap box.
83. Silica
84. Billions, diatomaceous earth
85. Polishing, filtration
86. Chief producers
87. Marine, photosynthetic
88. Pigments
89. Cellulose
90. Longitudinally, transversely
91. Gonyaulax
92. Marine, fishes
93. Dinoflagellates
94. Fresh, stagnant
95. Protein, pellicle
96. Short, long
97. Heterotrophs
98. Higher plants
99. Euglena
100. Saprophytic
101. Decaying, engulfing
102. Plasmodium, several feet
103. Unfavourable, fruiting
104. True, many years
105. Air currents
106. Slime mould
107. Heterotrophs, predators, parasites
108. Primitive relatives
109. Amoeboid, Flagellated protozoans:
Ciliated protozoans, Sporozoans
110. Fresh water, sea water
111. Pseudopodia (false feet)
112. Silica
113. Entamoeba
114. Free-living, parasitic
115. Sleeping sickness, Trypanosoma
116. Aquatic, cilia.
117. Cavity (gullet),
118. Cilia, gullet.
119. Paramoecium
120. Diverse, infectious
121. Plasmodium (malarial parasite), malaria.
122. Paramoecium
123. Heterotrophic
124. Morphology, habitat
125. Toadstools
126. Mustard
127. Yeast
128. Puccinia
129. Penicillium.
130. Cosmopolitan
131. Warm, humid
132. Bacterial, fungal
133. Unicellular
134. Hyphae
135. Mycelium
136. Coenocytic
137. Chitin and polysaccharides
138. Saprophytes
139. Parasites
140. Lichens, mycorrhiza

141. Fragmentation, fission and budding
142. Conidia or sporangiospores or zoospores
143. Oospores, Ascospores and Basidiospores
144. Fruiting
145. Plasmogamy, Karyogamy, Meiosis in
zygote
146. Plasmogamy
147. Karyogamy
148. Haploid spores
149. Haploid
150. Diploid cells (2n)
151. Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes,
Dikaryon, Dikaryophase
152. Mycelium, mode of spore formation,
fruiting bodies
153. Aquatic, obligate parasites
154. Aseptate, coenocytic
155. Zoospores, aplanospores, endogenously
156. Gametes
157. Isogamous, Anisogamous or oogamous
158. Mucor, Rhizopus, Albugo
159. Rhizopus, Albugo
160. Sac-fungi
161. Penicillium, yeast (Saccharomyces)
162. Coprophilous
163. branched, septate
164. Conidia, exogenously, conidiophores
165. Mycelium
166. Ascospores, endogenously, ascus
167. Ascocarps
168. Neurospora
169. Morels, truffles
170. Mushrooms, bracket fungi, puffballs
171. Parasites
172. Rusts and smuts
173. Branched, septate
174. Absent
175. Fragmentation
176. Absent,
177. Vegetative or somatic cells, Dikaryotic,
basidium/fruiting body
178. Karyogamy, meiosis, Basidiospores
179. Exogenously
180. Basidiocarps
181. Agaricus, Ustilago, and Puccinia
182. Agaricus, Ustilago, and Puccinia
183. Imperfect fungi, asexual or vegetative
184. Ascomycetes and basidiomycetes
185. Conidia
186. Septate and branched
187. Saprophytes or parasites
188. Decomposers, mineral cycling
189. Alternaria, Collectotrichum and
Trichoderma
190. (a) Mucor (b) Aspergillus (c) Agaricus
191. Chlorophyll
192. Heterotrophic, insectivorous
193. Bladderwort, Venus fly trap, Cuscuta
194. Cellulose
195. Algae, bryophytes, pteridophytes,
gymnosperms and angiosperms
196. Sporophytic, gametophytic
197. Alternation of generation
198. Heterotrophic, cell walls
199. Glycogen or fat.
200. Holozoic
201. Growth, shape and size
202. Sensory and neuromotor, locomotion
203. Embryological
204. Lichens, viruses, viroids and prions
205. Common cold or ‘flu’
206. Truly ‘living’,
207. Non-cellular, inert crystalline structure
208. Replicate
209. Venom or poisonous
210. Dmitri Ivanowsky (1892).

211. Bacteria-proof
212. M.W. Beijerinek (1898), Contagium
vivum fluidum (infectious living fluid)
213. W.M. Stanley (1935), proteins
214. Inert, obligate
215. Genetic material, RNA or DNA.
216. RNA and DNA
217. Infectious
218. Single stranded RNA
219. Single or double stranded RNA or
double stranded DNA.
220. Double stranded DNA viruses
221. Capsid, capsomers, nucleic acid
222. Helical or polyhedral
223. Mumps, small pox, herpes and influenza
224. Mosaic, rolling and curling, dwarfing
and stunted
225. A: RNA B: Capsid
226. A: Head, B: Collar, C: Sheath D: Tail
fibres.
227.T.O. Diener, potato spindle tuber
228. RNA, protein coat
229. Low molecular weight
230. Abnormally, Prions
231. Similar
232. Bovine spongiform encephalopathy
(BSE), mad cow, Cr–Jacob disease (CJD)
233. Lichens
234. Phycobiont, mycobiont
235. Food, shelter
236. Pollution indicators
237. Aristotle, morphological characters
238. Linnaeus
239. Whittaker
240. Monera
241. Cosmopolitan
242. Metabolic
243. Autotrophic or heterotrophic
244. Eukaryotes, Chrysophytes,
Dinoflagellates, Euglenoids, Slime-moulds
and Protozoans.
245. Structures and habitat
246. Saprophytic/Heterotropic
247. Chlorophyll
248. Animalia
249. holozoic
250. Viruses and viroids, lichens.

Biological classification Monera Protista fungi plantae and Animalia

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