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Biological method for the preparation of nanoparticles(Sheersho)
- 1. BIOLOGICAL METHODS FOR THE SYNTHESIS OF NANOPARTICLES PRESENTEDBY SHEERSHA PRAMANIK NIPERA1719MD10 COURSE INSTRUCTOR : DR. MUKTY SINHA
- 2. FLOW OF SEMINAR 1. •INTRODUCTION • ABOUT NANOPARTICLES 2. • WHY USE GREEN SYNTHESIS FOR THE PREPARATION OF NANOPARTICLES • DIFFERENT BIOLOGICAL METHOD FOR THE SYNTHESIS OF NANOPARTICLES AND THEIR BRIEF DESCRIPTION 3. • CONCLUSION • REFERENCES
- 3. WHAT IS NANOPARTICLES? NANOPARTICLES are sub-nanosized colloidal structures composed of synthetic or semi-synthetic polymers. Nanoparticles are the end products of a wide variety of physical, chemical and biological processes some of which are novel and radically different. SIZE RANGE : 1-100 nm (preferred)
- 4. POLYMERS FOR NANOPARTICLES NATURALHYDROPHILIC POLYMERS : PROTEINS Gelatin, Albumin, Lectins, Legumins POLYSACCHARIDE Alginate, Dextran, Chitosan SYNTHETIC HYDROPHOBIC POLYMERS : PRE POLYMERISED POLYMERS : PLA, Polystyrene POLYMERISED IN PROCESS POLYMERS : Poly-isobutyl cyanoacrylates
- 5. GREEN SYNTHESIS OF NANOPARTICLES WHAT IS GREEN CHEMISTRY ? There is utilization of a set of principles that decreases or eliminates the use or generation of hazardous substances in the design, manufacture, and application of chemical products GREEN SYNTHESIS OF NANOPARTICLES : Different type of biological routes such as those involving microorganisms, plants etc. for the synthesis of nanoparticles.
- 6. DIFFERENT APPROACHES FOR NANOFABRICATION 1) BOTTOM-UPAPPROACH 1) Assembling individual atoms and molecules to form nanoparticle. 2) Short Execution Time 2) TOP-DOWN APPROACH 1) Material is fragmented to yield a nanoparticle 2) Long Execution Time
- 7. METHODS FOR NANOPARTICLES SYNTHESIS AngstromNanometerMicrometerMillimeter Top down Bottomup Bulk material Thin material Heterostructures nanostructure nanostructure Protein Molecule atom
- 8. WHY GREEN SYNTHESIS? EASY EFFICIENT ECO-FRIENDLY ELIMINATES USE OF TOXIC CHEMICALS CONSUME LESS ENERGY PRODUCE SAFER PRODUCTS & BY PRODUCTS DOES NOT IMPART ANY HAZARDOUS EFFECT ON ENVIORNMENT
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- 11. Synthesis of Nanoparticlesfrom Bacteria Bacteria have been most extensively researched for synthesis of nanoparticles because of their fast growth and relative ease of genetic manipulation.
- 12. CONTD. METHODS OF SYNTHESIS Intracellular: Insidethe cell, in cytoplasm or cytosol. Extracellular : Outside the cell on the surface or between the cells inside a colony.
- 13. INTRACELLULAR SYNTHESIS OF NANOPARTICLESBY BACTERIA Bioaccumulation In order to release the intracellularly synthesized nanoparticles, additional processing steps such as ultrasound treatment or reaction with suitable detergents are required. Fig: Schematic flow diagram for intracellular synthesis of nanomaterials.
- 14. CONTD. Synthesis ofAg NPs by bacteria Culture supernatants of bacteria can be used for synthesis of Ag NPs. Such as culture supernatants of E. coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, B. subtilis, Enterobacter cloacae and Bacillus licheniformis. Also, Lactobacillus strains can be used for synthesis of Ag NPs.
- 15. CONTD. Crystal topologies byP. stutzeri AG259. (a, b) Triangular, hexagonal, and spheroidal Ag-NPs found at different cellular binding sites ( with permission from National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A
- 16. CONTD. Synthesis ofGold NP’S by bacteria : Bacillus subtilis 168 reduced water soluble 𝐴𝑢+3ions to 𝐴𝑢0 producing octahedral morphology inside the cell walls in the dimensions of 5–25 nm. • Synthesis of Fe NP’S by bacteria : 1.Magnetite nanoparticles 2. Greigite nanoparticles Organism- Actinobacter sp.
- 17. EXTRACELLULAR SYNTHESIS OF NANOPARTICLESBY BACTERIA It occurs due to extracellular bio mineralization, biosorption, complexation or precipitation. With the change in pH of the solution, various shapes and sizes were formed. FIG: Schematic flow diagram for extracellular synthesis of nanomaterials.
- 18. CONTD. The culturesupernatants of Enterobacteriaceae (Klebsiella pneumonia, E. coli and Enterobacter cloacae) also rapidly synthesized silver nanoparticles by reducing Ag+ to Ag0. These particles ranged in size from 28.2 nm to 122 nm with an average size of 52.5 nm. With the addition of piperitone, silver ion reduction was partially inhibited, which showed the involvement of nitroreductase enzymes in the reduction process. Titanium nanoparticles of spherical aggregates of 40–60 nm were produced extracellularly using the culture filtrate of Lactobacillus sp. at room temperature. These titanium nanoparticles were lighter in weight and high resistance to corrosion
- 19. CONTD. Immobilized Rhodobacterspheroids' extracellularly produced spherical shaped zinc sulfide (ZnS) semiconductor nanoparticles of 8 nm in size. In analogous, immobilized purple, nonsulfur photosynthetic bacterium, R. sphaeroides produced extracellularly fcc structured lead sulfide (PbS) nanoparticles of size 10.5± 0.15 nm with monodispersed spherical morphology.
- 20. Characterization of PbSnanoparticles synthesized by immobilized R. sphaeroides (a) TEM image (b) HRTEM image (c) (200) lattice fringes of denoted area (d) corresponding SAED pattern
- 21. EXAMPLES OF BACTERIA SYNTHESINGNANOPARTICLES
- 22. SYNTHESIS OF NANOPARTICLES BYFUNGI AND YEAST Fungi and yeast are very effective secretors of extracellular enzymes and number of species grow fast and therefore culturing and keeping them in the laboratory is very simple. They are able to produce metal nanoparticles and nanostructure via reducing enzyme extracellularly.
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- 24. CONTD. TEM picture ofsilver nanoparticles synthesized by Aspergillus foetidus showing nano size particles of size ranges 20-40 nm (a & b respectively), EDS spectra of silver nanoparticles showing presence of Ag atom(c).
- 25. Plants and Plantextracts as a tool for nanoparticles Provides single step biosynthesis process Protocols involving free from toxicants and natural capping agents Can generate bimetallic silver and gold shell nanoparticles Excellent stability and size control cost-effective large-scale production of metallic, semiconductor and metal oxide nanoparticles
- 26. EXAMPLES OF FUNGI PRODUCINGNANOPARTICLES Silver nanoparticle production by : Synthesis of silver nanoparticles has been investigated utilizing many ubiquitous fungal species including Trichoderma,Fusarium, Penicillium,Rhizoctonia,Pleurotus and Aspergillus. Extracellular systhesis has been demonstrated by Trichoderma virde, T. reesei, Fusarium oxysporm, F. semitectum, F. solani, Aspergillus niger, A. flavus,A. fumigatus, A.clavatus, Pleurotus ostreatus, Cladosporium cladosporioides,Penicillium brevicompactum, P. fellutanum, an endophytic Rhizoctonia sp., Epicoccum nigrum, Chrysosporium tropicum, and Phoma glomerata, while intracellular synthesis was shown to occur in a Verticillium species, and in Neurospora crassa.
- 27. CONTD. Gold nanoparticleproduction : Synthesis of gold nanoparticles has been investigated utilizing Fusarium,Neurospora,Verticillium, Yeasts and Aspergillus. Extracellular gold nanoparticle synthesis was demonstrated by Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus niger, and cytosolic extracts from Candida albican. Intracellular gold nanoparticle synthesis has been demonstrated by a Verticillum species, V. luteoalbum.
- 28. CONTD. Process involved innanoparticles synthesis by plant extract :
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- 30. EXAMPLE OF PLANTSUSED IN NANOPARTICLE SYNTHESIS
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- 32. WASTE MATERIAL MEDIATED SYNTHESISOF METALLIC NP’S
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- 34. CONCLUSION This presentation summarizesmicrobial routes for the synthesis of different nanoparticles and their potential applications in health and medicine. Though microbes offer safe, ecofriendly and economically viable approach of nanoparticles synthesis as compared to their chemical alternates, lack of monodispersity, uncontrolled size, and time consuming production process has limited their use on commercial scale. Owing to nontoxicity of biosynthesized nanoparticles, they showed propitious potential in nanomedicine yet their use in drug delivery and diagnostics is at its infancy. Present study revealed that their role in medical field is still limited to in vitro studies therefore it is mandatory to demonstrate their biocompatibility and cytotoxicity to humans. before their usage in clinical applications. Moreover, further research is required to explicit mechanisms of nanoparticles synthesis to gain higher production rates and desired morphology. Besides, scale up of their production is immensely desired for therapeutic applications in future.
- 35. REFERENCES Chokriwal A,Sharma MM, Singh A. Biological Synthesis of Nanoparticles Using Bacteria and Their Applications. Vithiya K, Sen S. Biosynthesis of nanoparticles. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research. 2011 Nov 1;2(11):2781. Fariq A, Khan T, Yasmin A. Microbial synthesis of nanoparticles and their potential applications in biomedicine. Journal of Applied Biomedicine. 2017 Apr 18. Kitching M, Ramani M, Marsili E. Fungal biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles: mechanism and scale up. Microbial biotechnology. 2015 Nov 1;8(6):904-17. Waseem M, Nisar MA. Fungal-Derived Nanoparticles as Novel Antimicrobial and Anticancer Agents. InFunctionalized Nanomaterials 2016. InTech. Das Purkayastha M, Manhar AK, Mandal M, Mahanta CL. Industrial Waste- Derived Nanoparticles and Microspheres Can Be Potent Antimicrobial and Functional Ingredients. Journal of Applied Chemistry. 2014 Sep 17;2014.