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Biomedical waste
Biomedical waste refers to waste generated from the diagnosis, treatment, or immunization of humans, which can include items like syringes, body parts, and microbiological waste. Effective management aims to protect public health and the environment by preventing disease spread and ensuring proper disposal through methods such as incineration, autoclaving, and secure transportation. The document outlines waste classification, handling precautions, and treatment procedures to mitigate health risks associated with biomedical waste.
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Biomedical waste
- 1. Biomedical waste -Ajay KumarChaurasiya
- 2. Biomedical waste Definition Biomedical wasteis defined as waste that is generated during the diagnosis , treatment or immunization of human beings and are contaminated with patients body fluids.(WHO) Biomedical waste incudes : Syringes ,needles, ampoules Organs and body parts Dressings ,disposable plastics Microbiological waste. 9/18/2014
- 3. Aims of biomedicalwaste managements To protect the risk of spreading diseases. To protect health & well being of health care workers & the community. To protect injury & potentially fatal infection. To provide environment friendly waste management solutions. To promote the quality & sustainability of the environment. 9/18/2014
- 4. Sources of biomedicalwaste Government hospitals Private hospitals Nursing homes Physicians/ dentist clinic Dispensaries Medical research and training establishments Blood banks ,collection centers, laboratories Animal houses, slaughter houses 9/18/2014
- 5. Classification of Hospitalwaste According to WHO guidelines:- 1. Infectious waste 2. Pathological waste 3. Sharps 4. Pharmaceutical waste 5. Genotoxic waste eg. certain cytotoxic or radioactive waste from oncology & radiotherapy unit 6. Chemical waste 7. Pressurized containers 8. Radioactive waste 9. General waste 9/18/2014
- 6. NHRC (Nepal) classifiedhealth care waste only 3 categories 1. Non-hazardous waste or General waste 2. Hazardous or contaminated waste 3. Sharps (Whether infected or not)
- 7. Hospital waste Hospital wastes- considered as hazardous ► A variety of potentially hazardous ingredients : antibiotics, microorganisms ,Cytotoxic drugs , corrosive chemicals & radioactive substances -part of hospital waste Distribution Of hospital waste WHO Regional office south east Asia NHRC 80 % general waste, 75—90 % Non hazardous or general waste 15 % pathological & infectious waste, 10—25 % as hazardous waste. 1 % sharps, 3 % hazardous ,chemical or pharmaceutical waste & < 1 % special waste like radioactive or cytotoxic , pressurized containers 9/18/2014
- 8. Classification of waste 9/18/2014 Hospitalwaste Hazardous Non-hazardous Potentially toxic Infectious biodegradable Nonbiodegradable Peels of fruits and vegetables -wrapping foils -Plastic foils-cytotoxic drugs -toxic chemicals -Radioactive waste
- 9. • Infectious 9/18/2014 Sharps Non-sharps Hypodermic needleswith syringes attached -disposable knives, scalpels, blades, scissors, forceps -glass Pasteur pipettes, slides & cover slips -broken glass, ampoules & vi
- 10. Non-sharps • Patient contaminated 9/18/2014 Laboratory plastics disposablesyringes -IV sets Catheters ET tubes Non-plastics -cotton -gauze -dressing
- 11. Laboratory Specimens: -blood -body fluids -pus -food samples -secretions -excretions Microbiologicallab waste: -all cultures made from specimen -all other stock organisms -used disposable loops, rods, pipettes -paper towel & tissues -disposable gloves & gowns - Tissues - Anatomical parts - Animal carcasses 9/18/2014
- 12. Categories of personsexposed to risk of infection Patients attending the health care facilities. Medical and paramedical person providing health care. Persons involved in collecting and disposing the waste material. Those involved in cleaning the instruments, floor surfaces and washing of glass wares and linen. 9/18/2014
- 13. Health hazards associatedwith biomedical waste management Injuries from sharps to all categories of hospital persons.(HIV and HBV) Nosocomial infection in patient from poor infection control and poor hospital waste management. Risk of infections outside hospitals for waste handlers, scavengers and general public. Risk associated with hazardous chemicals. 9/18/2014
- 14. Hospital waste management Thegeneral principle involved in the treatment of hospital waste is that all infectious or potentially infectious waste must be rendered non infectious before leaving the hospital. Whole hospital kept clean & in satisfactory state of hygiene to prevent spread of infection from patients to patient, health care workers or vice versa. Prevention of infection outside hospital , careful management of waste from the point of generation to safe disposable is of paramount importance. 9/18/2014
- 15. 1. Identification /Categorizing Also known as Waste survey Important component of waste management. Help evaluating both type & quantity of waste. Determine the points of generation & type of waste generated each points. To find out type of disposable carried out. Determine the type of disinfection needed. Appropriate way of identifying biomedical wastes & sorting them into colored plastic bags or containers 9/18/2014
- 16. Categories of Bio-medicalWastes Cate gory Type of waste Treatment & disposable option 1 Human anatomical wastes(Human tissues,organs & body parts ) Incineration /Deep burial 2 Animal wastes(Animal tissues, organs, body parts, carcasses ,bleeding parts , experimental animal used research waste by veterinary hospital) Incineration /Deep burial 3 Microbiology & Bio-technology wastes(Waste from laboratory cultures, stocks or specimens of micro organisms , live attenuated vaccines, human & animal cells used in research , waste from biological production, toxins) Autoclaving /Microwaving /Incineration 9/18/2014
- 17. Contd… 4 Waste sharps (Needles, syringes , scalpels, blades,glass etc capable puncture & cut) Chemical (Disinfection) Autoclaving 5 Discarded medicines & cytotoxic drugs Incineration/ Destruction in landfills 6 Soiled wastes( items contaminated with blood& body fluids eg. cotton , dressing) Incineration / Autoclaving 9/18/2014
- 18. Contd.. 7 Solid wastes (eg. tubing, catheters , IV set) Disinfection by chemical treament/ Autoclaving 8 Incineration ash Disposable in municipal land fills 9 Chemical wastes ( used in biological production, in disinfection) Chemical treatment &discharge into drains for liquid & secured land fills for solids. 9/18/2014
- 19. 2. Handling ofwastes Precautions while dealing infectious wastes:- Bins & bags labeled with biohazard symbol personnel involved provided with protective wear & properly trained, Polythene bags , bins should change when they are ¾ full. Polythene bags sealed /tied at top whenever transported within or outside hospital. Disposables items like gloves ,syringes, IV bottles, catheters etc. have to be shredded, cut that they not recycled/reused. Extreme care taken while handling sharps. 9/18/2014
- 20. Handling of sharps Putheavy duty glove while dealing sharps. Sharps should not be left casually on counter tops, food trays or beds can result injury. Recapping needles should be discouraged. Specific color coding should be used with biohazard sign. Infectious & non infectious kept separately . Collect sharps in puncture proof containers. 9/18/2014
- 21. 3. Segregation (Separation) Biomedicalwaste must be stored in a secure environment all the times. The various types of biomedical waste should be segregated from each other . Fluid waste should be contained separately from solid waste. 9/18/2014
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- 30. 4. Storage &Transportation of wastes ► storage site Situated on ground floor near rear entrance. Sufficient capacity at least for 2 days. With good flooring, light, ventilation , water supply & drain. Full time store keeper must be there. 9/18/2014
- 31. Transportation of waste 1.Containerproperly sealed & Labelled . 2. Double Bagging are picked at neck 3. Manual handling better avoided. 4. After removing of bags container must be disinfected. 5. Waste bags should be transported in covered wheeled container. 6. Vehicles used must be label with biohazard sign. 9/18/2014
- 32. 7. Yellow bags( Hazardous waste) & Black bags ( General waste) collect on separate trolleys while transport. 8. The collection route shall be the most direct from one to the final collection 9. All vehicles are decontaminated , cleaned & disinfected after use. 10.Waste should be transported during low patient flow. 9/18/2014
- 33. Collect yellow bags( hazardous waste) and black bags ( general waste) on separate trolleys while transport. 9/18/2014
- 34. Packing & shippinginfectious substances US public health service label requirements 9/18/2014 Etiological agent Biomedical material In case of damage Or leakage Notify Director CDC Atlanta,GA 404 -633- 5313
- 35. 5. Waste treatment Chemical Disinfection: Is required for for plastic, rubber and metallic items before they are send to final disposal. 1% hypochlorite solution is used. Autoclave: Is effective for microbiology and biotechnology waste. Microwave irradiation: also useful in sterilizing the infected disposable waste. Shredder: For plastic material cut the plastic waste into small pieces of 1cm size. 9/18/2014
- 36. 6. DISPOSAL Incineration Principle • Itis a high temp ( 800 – 900°C), dry oxidation process which reduces organic & combustible waste into inorganic , incombustible matters. • Incineration is burning of contaminated waste to destroy and kill micro-organisms. • Used for the waste that cannot be reused or recycled or disposed in landfill site. • Demerits – toxic air emission . - presence of heavy metal in ash. 9/18/2014
- 37. Plasma arc technology •It operates on principle of an electric arc between two electrodes. • There is no burning and no formation of ash. 9/18/2014
- 38. Landfill 1 Open dumps:not recommended. 2. Sanitary landfills: Most satisfactory where suitable land is available. Adequately compacted & covered with earth soil at the end of working day. Points to be remembered for landfill: 1. Site should be away from residental areas or water sources. 2. There should be appropriate engineering preparation. 3. It should have easy transportation facility. 4. Constant supervision is mandatory. 9/18/2014
- 39. Pits for sharps •To avoid recycling of sharps their burial in safe pit is an effective and economical. • Ideal pit 5 ft. deep circular with 3 ft. Diameter Slab on top Pit plastered from inside 9/18/2014
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- 41. Bibliography Topley and Wilson‘ microbiology and microbial infection ,vol- 2,4 9th edition Microbiology and infection control for health processionals- Gary Lee and Penny Bishop,3rd edition. Laboratory Biosafety Manual 3rd edition WHO 2004. www.CDC.gov/biosafety http//www.who.int/research/en/ http//en.Wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosafety Handbook of bioterrorism and biodefense-Erik De Clercq and Earl R Kern Bailey and Scoot's Diagnostic Microbiology-13 ed Monica Cheesbrough 2nd Updated part 1& 2.