Biomedical Waste Management

UPDATE BIOMEDICAL WASTE
MANAGEMENT BY SATISFYING
BIOMEDICAL WASTE
MANAGEMENT RULES 2016
BY. DODIYA RIDDHI
ROLL NO. 03

INTRODUCTION
• Medical care – emerged as vital in our life and
health.
• Biomedical waste – emerged as issue of
concern world over.
• It posses real problem for men, community,
and environment.
• Safe scientific cost effective methods like
biomedical waste management – need of
hours.

DEFINITION
“ Biomedical waste” means any waste
which is generated during the diagnosis,
treatment or immunization of human beings
or animals or in research activities pertaining
there to or in the production or testing of bio
medicals.

ESTIMATIONS
 85% non-hazardous waste.
 10% is infectious.
 5% non-infectious but hazardous.

RISK WASTE
Chemical waste (Disinfection, solvents)
Pathological waste ( blood & other fluids)
Pressurized containers( Gas cylinders)
Infectious waste (Lab cultures)
Pharmaceutical wastes (expired drugs)
Waste with high (broken thermometers)
Genotoxic waste (cytotoxic drugs)
Sharps (needles, infusion set, scalpels, knifes)

SOURCES OF HEALTH CARE
WASTE
There are many sources of health care waste
some of them are listed below.
Government hospitals
Private hospitals
Nursing hospitals
Physician offices / clinics
Dentists office / clinics

CONTI……
Dispensaries
Primary health centers
Medical research and training
establishments
Mortuaries
Blood bank and collection centers.
Animal houses

CONTI…..
Slaughter houses
Laboratories
Research organizations
Vaccinating centers

SOURCES OF BIOMEDICAL
WASTE.
MAJOR SOURCES
Hospitals
Laboratories
Research centers
Nursing homes
Mortuaries
MINOR SOURCES
Physician / dental
clinics
Blood donation
camps
Vaccination centers
Paramedics
Funeral services

NEED FOR BIO-MEDICAL
WASTE MANAGEMENT.
Nosocomial infection to patients from poor
infection control practices and poor waste
management.
Drugs which have been disposed of being
repacked and sold off to unsuspecting
buyers.

CONTI……
Risk of air, water and soil pollution directly
due to waste or due to defective
incineration emission and ash.
Risk of infection outside hospitals for waste
handlers and scavengers and other people.

HEALTH HAZARDS OF HEALTH
CARE WASTE.
Exposure to hazardous health – care waste
can result in disease or injury due to one or
more of the following characteristics.
It contains infectious agents.
It contains toxic or hazardous chemicals or
pharmaceuticals.

CONTI……
It contains sharp.
It contains genotoxic.
It contains radio active.
Note :- genotoxic means the property of
chemical agents that damages the genetic
information within a cell causing mutations,
which may leads to cancer.

MOST COMMON INFECTIONS
Gastro enteric through faeces or vomit.
Eg:- Salmonella, vibrio cholera, helmithes,
Hepatitis A.
Respiratory through inhaled secretions.
Eg:- mycobacterium tuberculosis, measles
virus.

CONTI…..
Occular infections through eye secretions.
Eg:- herpes virus
Skin infection through pus
Eg:- streptococcus spp
Meningitis through cerebrospinal fluid.
Eg:- Neisseria meningitis

CONTI……
Blood borne disease
Eg:- AIDs, septicemia and bacteremia
Hemorrhagic fever through body fluid.

HAZARDOUS HEALTH CARE
WASTE CAN RESULTS IN…
1) Hazards from infectious waste and
sharps.
The infectious agents enter into the body
through:-
(a) puncture
(b) abrasion
(c) cut in the skin

CONTI….
(d) through mucus membrane
(e) by inhalation and ingestion

2) Hazardous from chemical and
pharmaceutical waste
Many of the chemicals and
pharmaceuticals are toxic, genotoxic,
corrosive, flammable, explosive or shock
sensitive.
Although present in small quantity they may
cause intoxication either by acute or
chronic exposure and injuries including
burns.

3) Genotoxicity and cytotoxicity
The severity of the hazards depend on
extent and duration of exposure.
Irritant to skin and eyes.
Carcinogenic and mutagenics.

4) Radioactivity hazards
This hazards are been determined the type
and extent of exposure.
It affects genetic materials.

WHO IS AT RISK ?
Sanitation workers
Medical and paramedical staff
Patients and attenders
Public

BIOMEDICAL WASTE
MANAGEMENT PROCESS
Source identification
Segregations
Collections and storage
Transport
Treatment and disposal

1) SOURCE IDENTIFICATIONS
At the macro level
(Institute that generates waste )
At the microlevel
(points and activities within the institutions)

2) SEGREGATIONS
Separations of different types of waste as
per treatment and disposal options.
It is a key to the active process of scientific
waste management.

3) COLLECTION AND STORAGE
Storage of waste refers to storage within
wards or collection points within the
departments.
Collection centers are planned between 2-3
wards.
Central collection
Common treatment facility (CTF)

4) TRANSPORT
Transportation system should be secured
with special containers and well defined
route with minimum patient influx.
The containers should have non-washable
and permanently visible label showing the
type of waste which contains- cytotoxic or
biohazards.

5) TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL
Treatment is the process that modify the
waste in some way before it finally
disposed off.

Main objectives of treatment are :-
Disinfection and decontamination
Volume reduction
Broadly two categories :-
Burn technology
Non-burn technology

INCINERATION
Method of choice for most hazardous
health care waste.
High temperature dry oxidation process.
Significant reduction in waste volume and
weight.

CHEMICAL DISINFECTION
Most suitable for treating liquid waste such
as infected blood, urine stool or hospital
sewage.
Chemicals are added to waste to kill the
pathogens.

AUTOCLAVING
Autoclaving is efficient thermal disinfection
process.
Commonly used for reusable medical
equipments.

MICROWAVE IRRADIATION
Microorganisms are destroyed by the
action of microwave at
2450mHz and 12.24nm

LAND DISPOSAL
Whatever may the modality of waste
treatment, final products has to be taken to
the land.

BIOMEDICALWASTE
MANAGEMENT RULES.
Prescribed by the Ministry of Environment
and forest affairs.
Come into force on 28th JULY 1998.
1st amendment was done on 17th
SEPTEMBER 2003.
Recent amendment was done in 28th
MARCH 2016 and published on Gozatte of
India.

APPLICABLE ……
To all persons who generate, collect,
receive, store, transport, treat, disposal, or
handle biomedical waste in any form.

RULE IS NOT APPLICABLE FOR
Radioactive waste
Municipal Solid Waste
E- waste
Hazardous micro-organisms and cell
Lead and batteries
Hazardous waste

BIOMEDICAL WASTE
MANAGEMENT RULES 2016
Come into force on the date of their
publications in the official Gazatte, New
Delhi i.e. on 28th MARCH 2016.
RULES :- I – XVIII
SCHEDULE :- I – IV
FORMS :- I - V

RULES
Short title and commencements
Application
Definitions
Duties of the occupier
Duties of the operator of the common bio-
medical waste treatment and disposal
facility.

CONTI…..
Duties of authorities
Treatment and disposal
Segregation, packaging, transportations,
and storage.
Prescribed authority
Procedure for authorization
Advisory committee

CONTI……
Monitoring of implementation of rules in health
care facilities.
Annual reports
Maintenance of records
Accident reporting
Appeal
Site for common bio-medical waste treatment
and disposal facility
Liability of the occupier, operator of a facility.

SCHEDULES
Biomedical waste categories and their
segregations, collection, treatment processing
and disposal options.
Standard for treatment and disposal of bio-
medical wastes
List of prescribed authorities and the
corresponding duties.
Label for bio-medical waste containers or bags
and label for transporting bio-medical waste
bags or containers.

FORMS
Accident reporting
Application for authorization or renewal of
authorization
Authorization
Annual reports
Application for filling appeal against order
passed by the prescribed authority.

PART-2 (SCHEDULE -1)
All plastic bags shall be as per BIS
standards as and when published till then
the prevailing plastic waste management
rules shall be applicable.
Chemical treatment using at least 10%
sodium hypochlorite having 30% residual
chlorine for 20 min.

CONTI……
Mutilation or shreadding must be to a
extent to prevent unauthorized reuse.
There will be no chemical pretreatment
before incineration.
Incineration ash shall be disposal through
hazardous waste treatment.

SCHEDULE-2 STANDARDS FOR
TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL OF
BIOMEDICAL WASTE
For incinerators
For autoclaving
For microwaving
For deep burial
For efficacy for chemical disinfection
For dry heat stabilization
For liquid waste

SCHEDULE-3 LIST FOR
PRESCRIBING AUTHORITIES
AND THEIR CORRESPONDING
DUTIES
Ministery of environment, forest and
climatic change, Government of India.
Ministery of Defence.
Central pollution control board.
State Government of Health or Union
Territory Government or administration

SCHEDULE-4 A LABEL FOR
BIOMEDICAL WASTE
CONTAINER AND BAGS

FORMS
FORM-1 Accident Reporting
FORM-2 Application for authorization and
renewal of authorization
FORM-3 Authorization for operating facility
Form-4 Annual report to be submitted by
occupier by 31st January to prescribed
authority
Form-5 Application for filling appeal against
order pass by the prescribed authority.

SUMMARY
In short that there has been improvement in
the management of biomedical waste.
Awareness and training programs should not
only target doctors, nurses, and paramedics,
but also the waste handlers.
Training of waste handlers should be practical
and well demonstrative.
Proper health care worker need to keep proper
safety among themselves and patient too.

Biomedical Waste Management

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