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biomedical waste management
The document provides an overview of biomedical waste (BMW) in India, including its definition, categories, generation and management issues. Some key points: - BMW includes waste generated from healthcare facilities and includes sharps, infectious, pathological and pharmaceutical waste. - India generates over 3 million tonnes of BMW annually from over 95,000 healthcare facilities. Treatment and disposal of BMW is inadequate, posing risks to health and environment. - The Biomedical Waste Rules of 1998 govern BMW management and require segregation, storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of different BMW categories. However, compliance remains a challenge.
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Introduction to the presentation and overview of biomedical waste management, including definition, needs, and management rules.
Defining biomedical waste, including types such as medical and hospital waste, along with infectious and pathological waste.
Identification of sources generating biomedical waste including hospitals, clinics, and laboratories, with examples of waste types.
Identifying risks posed to healthcare workers, patients, and the environment due to improper handling of biomedical waste.
Importance of managing biomedical waste to prevent infections, pollution, and regulatory issues surrounding waste disposal.
Distribution of biomedical waste types by percentage, worldwide statistics, hospital waste generation data, and waste categorization.
Importance of managing biomedical waste to prevent infections, pollution, and regulatory issues surrounding waste disposal.
Overview of the Biomedical Wastes Management Rules 1998, responsibilities of healthcare establishments, and authorization requirements.
Distribution of biomedical waste types by percentage, worldwide statistics, hospital waste generation data, and waste categorization.
Overview of the Biomedical Wastes Management Rules 1998, responsibilities of healthcare establishments, and authorization requirements.
Different methods for treating biomedical waste, including incineration, chemical disinfection, and regulations for effective disposal.
Importance of proper labeling, segregation, and storage guidelines for biomedical waste to prevent hazards.
Different methods for treating biomedical waste, including incineration, chemical disinfection, and regulations for effective disposal.
Overview of the Biomedical Wastes Management Rules 1998, responsibilities of healthcare establishments, and authorization requirements.
Recommendations for successful biomedical waste management, including waste segregation, staff training, and safety measures.
Emphasizing the importance of community cooperation and awareness for successful implementation of biomedical waste management practices.
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biomedical waste management
- 1.
- 2. Overview :Definition Extent of Problem , Need, Present practices BMW Management Rules and application, categories of BMW segregation,Transport & storage Treatment & Disposal Authorization, Reporting of Accidents BMW management Committee Take Home Message
- 3. Bio-medical waste" meansany waste, which is generated during the diagnosis, treatment or immunisation of human beings or animals or in research activities pertaining thereto or in the production or testing of biologicals,and including categories mentioned in Schedule I; Biologicals" means any preparation made from organisms or micro- organisms or product of metabolism and biochemical reactions intended for use in the diagnosis, immunisation or the treatment of human beings or animals or in research activities pertaining thereto; Specific to hospitals Bio-medical waste is defined as waste that is generated during the diagnosis, treatment or immunization of human beings and are contaminated with patient’s body fluids (such as syringes, needles, ampoules ,organs and body parts, placenta, dressings, disposables plastics and microbiological wastes).
- 4. Hospital waste:refers to all waste, biological or non biological, that is discarded and is not intended for further use Medical waste: refers to materials generated as a result of patient diagnoses, treatment, immunization of human beings or animals 4
- 5. Infectious waste:are the portion of medical waste that could transmit an ‘infectious disease’. Pathological waste : waste removed during surgery/ autopsy or other medical procedures including human tissues, organs, body parts, body fluids and specimens along their containers. 5
- 6. Government/private hospitals Nursing homes Physician/dentist office or clinic Dispensaries Primary health care centers Medical research and training centers animal./slaughter houses labs/research organizations Vaccinating centers Bio tech institutions/production units 6
- 7. What is BiomedicalWaste? Waste Sharps eg: Needles Discarded medicines Human anatomical waste Solid waste eg: cotton swabs
- 8. Who’s at Risk? • Doctors and nurses • Patients • Hospital support staff • Waste collection and disposal staff • General public and • the Environment
- 9. Non-Infectious waste, 80% Pathological and Infectious waste,15% Chemical and Pharmaceutical waste, 3% Sharps, 1% Radioactive, Cytotoxic and heavy metals, 1%
- 10.
- 11. Cytotoxic drugs Lab reagents Genotoxicwaste Chemical waste 11
- 12. Waste with highcontent of heavy metals Worn out batteries Blood pressure guages 12
- 13. 1. Infection 2. GenotoxicityCytotoxicity 3. Chemical toxicity 4. Radioactivity hazards. 5. Physical injuries 6. Public sensitivity.
- 14. The infectious agentsenter in the body through Puncture, Abrasion, Cut in the skin; Through mucous membranes; By inhalation and ingestion.
- 15. 1. Gastro entericthrough faeces and/or vomit e.g. Salmonella, Vibrio Cholera, Helminthes Hepatitis A 2. Respiratory through inhaled secretions e.g. Mycobacterium tuberculosis; measles virus; streptococcus pneumonae 3.Ocular infections through eye secretions e.g. Herpes virus, 4. Skin infection through pus e.g. Streptococcus spp , 5. Meningitis through Cerebrospinal fluid e.g. neisseria meningitides,
- 16. 6. Blood bornediseases • AIDS • Septicaemia and bacteraemia • Viral Hepatitis B & C 7. Hemorrhagic fevers through body fluids • Lassa, Ebola and Marburg viruses
- 17. Chemical Toxicity • Irritantto skin and eyes E.g. alkylating agent, intercalating agent • Carcinogenic and Mutagenic e.g. Secondary neoplasia due to chemotherapy • Many drugs are hazardous • May cause intoxication , burns, poisoning on exposure
- 18. Physical Injuries Radioactive wasteexposure may cause headache, dizziness, vomiting, genotoxicity and tissue damage May result from sharps, chemicals and explosive agents Public sensitivity Visual impact of the anatomical waste, recognizable body parts
- 19. NEED FOR BMWMANAGMENT Nosocomial infections to patients from poor infection control practices and poor waste management. Drugs which have been disposed of, being repacked and sold off to unsuspecting buyers. Risk of air, water and soil pollution directly due to waste, or due to defective incineration emissions and ash. Risk of infection outside hospital for waste handlers and scavengers, other peoples.
- 20. In thelate 1980’s ◦ Items such as used syringes washed up on several East Coast beaches USA ◦ HIV and HPV virus infection ◦ Lead to development of Biomedical Waste Management Law in USA. However in India the seriousness about the management came into lime light only after 1990’s.
- 21. GLOBALLY- Developedcountries generate 1 to 5 kg/bed/day Developing countries: meager data, but figures are lower. 1-2kg/pt./day WHO Report: 85% non hazardous waste : 10% infective waste : 5% non-infectious but hazardous. (Chemical, pharmaceutical and radioactive) INDIA:-No national level study - local or regional level study shows hospitals generate roughly 1-2 kg/bed/day 21
- 22. in 2000 injections with contaminated syringes caused: • 21 million hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections (32% of all new infections); • Two million hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections (40% of all new infections); • 260 000 HIV infections (5% of all new)
- 23. >95,000 hospitals andhealthcare facilities in India . 4.2 lakh kg of biomedical waste is generated on a daily basis. Three million tonnes of medical wastes generated every year. Expected to grow 8% annually. 2,91,983 kg/day BMW is disposed. which means that almost 28% of the wastes is left untreated and not disposed finding its way in dumps or water bodies and re-enters our system. Karnataka tops the chart with 62,241 kg/day of BMW. Only 179 CTF to treat the BMW in the country. No. of HCF/CBWTF violated BMW rules 5472 No. of show cause notice/ Directions issued to defaulter HCE/CBWTF 3585
- 24. •Around 40% ofthe hospitals in the country are dumping the BMW with Municipal garbage •Waste is not segregated at the site • 3585 hospitals have been served notice for acting as defaulters of these rules. •No proper treatment options •No regulated disposal plan/sites
- 26. 1. Survey ofwaste generated. 2. Segregation of hospital waste. 3. Collection & Categorization of waste. 4. Storage of waste.( Not beyond 48 hrs. ) 5. Transportation of waste. 6. Treatment of waste.
- 27. BIOMEDICAL RULES 1998 TheGovernment of India as contemplated under Section 6,8 and 25 of the Environment (Protection) Act,1986, has made the Biomedical Wastes (Management & Handling) Rules, 1998. The rules are applicable to every institution generating biomedical waste which includes hospitals, nursing homes, clinic, dispensary, veterinary institutions, animal houses, laboratory, blood bank. The rules are applicable to all persons who generate, collect, store, transport, treat, dispose, handle bio medical waste in receive, any form.
- 28. Approx. Quantity :4 to 250 liters / bed / day Sewage from isolation wards, ICU’s toilets & urinals, Bed-bath, bathrooms and hospital’s laundry Wash waters from laboratories,OPD, Dressing rooms & Operation theaters.
- 29. Approximate Quantity :0.3 to 3.5 kg/bed/day 1.Garbage 55% (Bulk Density :330 kg/m3,Cal.Value:1000 K.cal / kg, Moisture :40%) 2.Bio-medical waste (sensu stricto) 13% A. Wasted body remains 05% (Blood,Cultures,Anotomicals) B. Pharmaceutical & Chemical Wastes 02% C. Pathological wastes (may be infectious) 06% 3.Sharp Objects 20% 4.Pressurized Containers & Discarded Instruments 02% 5.Radioactive Wastes 0.3%
- 30. WASTE CATEGORY TYPEOF WASTE Category No. 1 Human Anatomical Waste Category No. 2 Animal Waste Category No. 3 Microbiology & Biotechnology Waste Category No. 4 Waste Sharps Category No. 5 Discarded Medicine and Cytotoxic drugs Category No. 6 Soiled Waste Category No. 7 Solid Waste Category No. 8 Liquid Waste Category No. 9 Incineration Ash Category No.10 Chemical Waste
- 31. 2011 1998 Every occupiergenerating BMW, irrespective of the quantum of wastes comes under the BMW Rules and requires to obtain authorisation Occupiers with more than 1000 beds required to obtain authorisnatio Duties of the operator listed Operator duties absent Treatment and disposal of BMW made mandatory for all the HCEs Rules restricted to HCEs with more than 1000 beds A format for annual report appended with the Rules No format for Annual Report Form VI i.e. the report of the operator on HCEs not handing over the BMW added to the Rules Form VI absent
- 32. WASTE CATEGORY WASTE TYPE TREATMENT& DISPOSAL Categor y 1 Human Anatomical waste (human tissues, organs, body parts Incineration/deep burial Categor y 2 Animal Waste: Animal tissues, organs, body parts carcasses, bleeding parts, fluid, blood and experimental animals used in research, waste generated by veterinary hospitals, colleges, discharge from hospitals, animal houses Incineration/deep burial Categor y 3 Microbiology & Biotechnology Wastes: Wastes from clinical samples, pathology, biochemistry, hematology, blood bank, laboratory cultures, stocks specimens of micro-organisms, live or attenuated vaccines human and animal cell culture used in research and infectious agent from research and industrial laboratories, waste from production of biologicals, toxins, dishes and devices Disinfection at source by chemical treatment or by Autoclaving / Microwaving / followed by Mutilation / shredding and after treatment final disposal in secured landfills or disposal of recyclable waste (plastic or glass ) SCHEDULE I: CATEGORIES OF BIO-MEDICAL WASTE
- 33. WASTE CATEGORY WASTE TYPE TREATMENT& DISPOSAL Category No. 4 Waste Sharps (needles, glass syringes or syringes with fixed needles, scalpels ,blades, glass etc.) that may cause puncture and cuts(Includes both used and unused sharps). Disinfection (chemical treatment / destruction by needle & tip cutter, autoclaving/microwave and mutilation/shredding and final disposal through CBWTF / landfills Category No. 5 Discarded Medicines & Cytotoxic drugs (Wastes comprising of outdated, contaminated and discarded medicines) Disposal in secured landfills or Incineration Category No. 6 Soiled Waste (Items contaminated with blood, & body fluids including cotton, dressings, soiled plaster casts, linens, beddings, other material contaminated Incineration
- 34. WASTE CATEGORY WASTE TYPE TREATMENT& DISPOSAL Category No.7 Infectious Solid Waste (waste generated from disposable items other than the waste sharps such as tubing's, hand gloves, saline bottles with IV tubes, catheters, glass, intravenous sets etc. Disinfection by chemical Treatment / autoclaving /Microwaving followed by mutilation / shredding & final disposal through registered recycler Category No.8 Chemical Waste ( Chemicals used in production of biologicals, chemicals used in disinfection as insecticides etc.) Chemical treatment and discharge into drains for liquids and secured landfill for solids
- 35. NOTE 1. Chemicals treatmentusing at least 1% hypochlorite solution or any other equivalent chemical reagent. 2. Mutilation/shredding must be such so as to prevent unauthorized reuse. 3. There will be no chemical pretreatment before incineration. Chlorinated plastics should not be incinerated.
- 36. Colour coding Type of container Waste category Treatment / Disposal Nonchlorinated Plastic Bags Incineration/ Deep Burrial Non chlorinated plastic bag / puncture proof Container for sharps Chemical Treatment / Autoclaving / Microwaving and followed by Mutilation & shredding and disposal in landfills or disposal of recyclable waste Non chlorinated Plastic Bags / Containers Chemical Treatment and discharge into drains for liquids and secured landfill for solids Non chlorinated Plastic Bags Municipal waste Disposed as per the Municipal Solid Waste
- 37. BIOHAZARD SYMBOL CYTOTOXIC HAZARD SYMBOL BIOHAZARD CYTOTOXIC HANDLEWITH CARE Note : Lable shall be non-washable and prominently visible. Schedule-III LABEL FOR BIO-MEDICAL WASTE CONTAINERS/BAGS
- 39. Bio-medical waste shallnot be mixed with other wastes Bio-medical waste shall be segregated into containers/bags at the point of generation in accordance with Schedule II The containers shall be labeled according to Schedule III.
- 40. Black Dustbin &Bags Paper waste, food waste and other non infectious wastes generated from the hospitals should be stored in black coloured bags / containers & Disposed as per MSW management rules, MANAGEMENT OF HOSPITAL WASTE
- 41. KITCHEN WASTE/FOOD PAPER/p lastic WASTE DISPOSAL BLACKBIN For Noninfectious Solid waste
- 42. Bandages Swab stick- decontaminated WASTE DISPOSAL Dressing soiledlinen, contaminate d gowns, drapes Animal waste YELLOW BIN Category 1,2, 5,6
- 43. RED BINDrains Plastic culture plates& tubes I/V sets Urine bag WASTE DISPOSAL All infectious waste sharp, non sharp & sharps plastic waste Category 3, 4, 7 Pathology waste
- 44. In Blue Nonchlorinatedbags Chemical waste Chemical Treatment and discharge into drains for liquids and secured landfill for solids
- 48. In anarea away from general traffic and accessible only to authorized personnel DO NOT store for more than 48 hours If for any reason it becomes necessary to store the waste beyond such period take measures to ensure that the waste does not adversely affect human health and environment
- 49. If acontainer is transported from the premises where bio- medical waste is generated to any waste treatment facility outside the premises, the container shall, apart from the label prescribed in Schedule III, also carry information prescribed in Schedule IV.
- 50. Waste categoryNo. Day -------- Month -------- Waste class Year -------- Waste description Date of generation----------- Sender's Name & Address Receiver's Name & Address Phone No. ........................... Phone No. ........................... Telex No. ............................ Telex No. ............................ Fax No. ............................... Fax No. ............................... Contact Person ................... Contact Person ................... In Case of Emergency, Please Contact: Name & Address Phone No.
- 51. 1.Incineration 2.ChemicalDisinfection 3.Wet and dry thermal treatment 4.Microwave irradiation 5.Land disposal 6.Inertization
- 52. Combustion efficiency(CE) shall be at least 99.00%. The Combustion efficiency is computed as follows: %C02 C.E. = ------------ X 100 %C02 + % CO The temperature of the primary chamber shall be 800 +/-500 C The secondary chamber gas residence time shall be at least 1 (one) second at 1050 +/- 500 C Drawback toxic products like furanes and dioxins - can cause air pollution
- 56. Emission Standards Parameters Concentrationmg/Nm3 at (12%CO2 correction) Particulate matters 150 Nitrogen Oxide 450 HCl 50 Minimum stack height shall be 30 metres above ground Volatile organic compounds in ash shall not be more than 0.01%
- 58. A temperature ofnot less than 121 0C and pressure of 15 pounds per square inch (psi)for an autoclave residence time of not less than 60 minutes Validation test : Spot testing by Bacillus stearo-thermophilus spores on a spores strip with at least 1 x 104 Spores/ml. Routine test : Chemical indicator strip/tape
- 59. STANDARD FOR MICROWAVING SHOULDKILL BACTERIA AND OTHER PATHOGENIC ORGANISM BIOLOGICAL INDICATOR Bacillus Subtilis CHEMICAL PROCESSES Dissolved chlorine dioxide, bleach (sodium hypochlorite), peracetic acid, or dry inorganic chemicals. To enhance exposure of the waste to the chemical agent, chemical processes often involve shredding, grinding, or mixing.
- 61. Every occupierof an institution generating, collecting, receiving, storing, transporting, treating and /or handling Biomedical Waste shall apply on Form 1 for Authorization to the Board. The State Pollution Control Board are declared as prescribed Authority for grant of Authorization. The Board grants authorizations after satisfying itself.
- 62. APPLICATION FOR AUTHORISATION (Tobe submitted in duplicate.) To The Prescribed Authority (Name of the State Govt/UT Administration) Address. 1. Particulars of Applicant (i) Name of the Applicant (In block letters & in full) (ii) Name of the Institution: Address: Tele No., Fax No. Telex No. 2. Activity for which authorisation is sought: (i) Generation (ii) Collection (iii) Reception (iv) Storage (v) Transportation (vi) Treatment (vii) Disposal (viii) Any other form of handling 3. Please state whether applying for resh authorisation or for renewal: (In case of renewal previous authorisation-number and date)
- 63. Form 1- Continued 4. (i)Address of the institution handling bio-medical wastes: (ii) Address of the place of the treatment facility: (iii) Address of the place of disposal of the waste: 5. (i) Mode of transportation (in any) of bio-medical waste: (ii) Mode(s) of treatment: 6. Brief description of method of treatment and disposal (attach details): 7. (i) Category (see Schedule 1) of waste to be handled (ii) Quantity of waste (category-wise) to be handled per month 8. Declaration I do hereby declare that the statements made and information given above are true to the best of my knowledge and belief and that I have not concealed any information. I do also hereby undertake to provide any further information sought by the prescribed authority in relation to these rules and to fulfill any conditions stipulated by the prescribed authority. Date : Signature of the Applicant Place : Designation of the Applicant
- 64. Every occupier/operatorsubmit an annual report to the prescribed authority in Form II by 31 January every year, to include information about the categories and quantities of bio-medical wastes handled during the preceding year. The prescribed authority shall send this information in a compiled form to the Central Pollution Control Board by 31 March every year.
- 65. a. Every authorizedperson shall maintain records related to BMW. b. All records shall be subjected to inspection and verification by the prescribed authority at any time. c. In any accidents, the authorized person shall report the accident in Form III along with the remedial action taken to the prescribed authority forth with
- 66. Setting up aCELL or UNIT for BMW management. The BMW 2011, Rules have also made mandatory for all the HCEs with 30 or more beds to set up a cell or unit to deal with the BMW management. The cell has to meet every six months and minutes of the meeting have to be submitted along with the Annual Report to the prescribed authority
- 67. Head ofthe hospital : chairman Waste Mx officer (dev. and implementation plan) Members: HOD’s of all department Nursing superintendent, Head nurse, Sanitary inspector Chief pharmacist, Radiation officer Supply officer, financial officer
- 68. Day today control of segregation, transport & disposal of BMW Co-ordinate with the store officer for continuous supply of basic items for BMWM Prepare guidelines for BMWM & distribute to all department Prepare BMW posters to raise awareness Arrange training programmes on BMWM & safety measures for all categories of HCW Co-ordinate with HOD/In-charge of Deptt. where deficiencies are pointed out Co-ordinate with Chhattisgarh Environment Conservation Board )
- 69. Do’s The usedproduct should be segregated The used product should be mutilated. The used product is treated prior to disposal. Use protective gear when handling waste Collect waste when the bin is 3/4 the full Clean spills with disinfectant Use trolleys & do not drag waste bags Do not Reuse plastic equipment. Mix plastic equipment with other wastes. Burn plastic waste. Avoid needle stick injuries Avoid using common lift to move waste Avoid spillage
- 70. Waste minimization& recycling of waste Identification of points of generation of waste Waste segregation at source Compiling the inventory of waste Waste treatment (disinfection etc.) at the site Waste collection and transportation, on-site and off- site Waste treatment , on-site & off the site Final disposal of waste Occupational safety Continuous monitoring of the system Training of the staff. 70
- 72. Bio-medical wasteprogramme cannot be successfully implemented without the willingness, self-motivation, and co-operation from all sections of employees of any health care setting. If we want to protect our environment and health of community we must sensitize our selves to this important issue not only in the interest of health managers but also in the interest of community.