Blood glucose testing

Blood glucose testing

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  1 Faculty of Medicine Biochemistrylab Blood Sugar Testing Prepared By : Diaa Mohammad Srahin . Supervisor:Dr. Suheir Jabir.
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  2 BLOOD SUGAR TESTING Introduction Abloodglucose testmeasuresthe amountof atype of sugar,calledglucose, in your blood. Glucose comes fromcarbohydrate foods.Itis the mainsource of energyusedbythe body.Glucose istransported from the intestines or liver to body cells via the bloodstream, and is made available for cell absorption via the hormone insulin, produced by the body primarily in the pancreas. Glucose levelsare usuallylowestinthe morning, before the first meal of the day, and rise after meals for an hour or two by a few millimolar. Blood sugar levels outside the normal range may be an indicator of a medical condition. A persistently high level is referred to as hyperglycemia; low levels are referred to as hypoglycemia. Diabetesmellitus is characterized by persistent hyperglycemia from any of several causes, and isthe most prominentdisease relatedtofailure of blood sugar regulation. Intake of alcohol causes an initial surge in blood sugar, and later tends to cause levels to fall. Also, certain drugs can increase or decrease glucose levels. The body’s homeostatic mechanism keeps blood glucose levels within a narrow range. It is composed of several interacting systems, of which hormone regulation is the most important. There are two types of mutually antagonistic metabolic hormones affecting blood glucose level:  Catabolichormones( suchas glucagon,cortisol andcatecholamines),whichincrease bloodglucose  Anabolic hormones (such as insulin), which decrease blood glucose. There are several different typesof bloodglucose tests: Fasting bloodsugar (FBS): measuresbloodglucose afteryouhave noteatenforat least8 hours.It isoftenthe firsttestdone to checkfor prediabetes anddiabetes. 2-hour postprandial blood sugar: measuresbloodglucose exactly2hoursafteryou start eatinga meal.Thisisnot a testusedto diagnose diabetes.Thistestisusedtosee if someone with diabetes istakingthe rightamountof insulin withmeals. Random blood sugar (RBS): measuresbloodglucose regardlessof whenyoulastate. Several randommeasurementsmaybe takenthroughoutthe day.Randomtestingisuseful because glucose levelsinhealthypeopledonotvary widely throughoutthe day.Bloodglucose levelsthatvarywidelymaymeanaproblem.Thistestisalsocalledacasual bloodglucose test. Oral glucose tolerance test : isusedtodiagnose prediabetes anddiabetes.Anoral glucose tolerance testisa seriesof bloodglucose measurementstakenafteryoudrinkasweetliquidthat containsglucose.Thistestiscommonlyusedtodiagnose diabetesthatoccursduring pregnancy (gestational diabetes).Womenwhohadhigh bloodsugarlevels duringpregnancymayhave oral glucose tolerance testsafterpregnancy. HemoglobinA1c, or glycohemoglobin : measureshow muchsugar (glucose) isstuckto redbloodcells.Thistestcan be usedto diagnose diabetes.Italsoshowshow well yourdiabetes has beencontrolledinthe past2 to 3 monthsand whetheryourdiabetesmedicine needstobe changed.The resultof your A1c testcan be usedto estimate youraverage bloodsugarlevel.Thisis calledyourestimatedaverage glucose,orEAG.
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  3 Objectives 1. To calculateglucose concentration in the unknown sample. 2. To observe concentration of previous sample and compare it with normal value from scientific references. Materials  Spectrophotometer & its components (Light source, Prism, Detector, Photoelectric cell).  Cuvettes & pipettes & test tubes.  Monoreagent as a Blank solution.  Sample (serum).  Constant temperature incubator set at 37 ͦC. Methods & Procedures 1- Reagents & samples were Bring to room temperature. 2- Three clean tubes were prepared for our experiment. 3- Materials were put in the labeled tubes as next table shown : Tubes Blank Serum STD Working Reagent 1.0 ml 1.0 ml 1.0 ml serum pool * 10µL * STD * * 10µL 4- Tubes were mixed and then put 5 minutes at 37 ͦC 5- The absorbance (A) of the sample & the standard was read at 500 nm against the reagent blank. 6- Finally, calculations were used to determine the concentration of glucose in our sample & compare it with reference values. Results In our experiment, weuse Trinder reaction, the glucoseis oxidized to D-gluconate by the glucose oxidase(GOD) with the formation of hydrogen peroxide. In the presenceof peroxidase (POD), a mixture of phenol and 4-aminoantipyrineis oxidized by hydrogen peroxide, to form a red quinanelmine dye proportionalto the concentration of glucose in the sample.
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  4 C STD =100 mg / dL A Sample = 0.757 A STD = 0.474 C glucose = A Sample A STD ∗ C STD in mg/ld. C glucose = 0.757 0.474 ∗ 100 = 159.71 mg/dL. Discussion In our experiment we were given an unknown concentration sample with glucose results and analysis showed the sample to have 159.71 mg/dl glucose which is high value comparing with normal range for an adult (70 - 105 mg/dL) or children with normal range (60 – 110 mg/dL). So results show that our patient with hyperglycemia because blood glucose more than normal range. Conclusion 1. Metabolic activity of our bodies can be measured using this test. 2. The glucose level in the blood is maintained by diet uptake and regulatory hormones such as insulin, glucagon, and epinephrine. 3. An abnormal increase in blood glucose level, referred to as hyperglycemia, can be associated with diabetes mellitus and hyperactivity of thyroid, pituitary or adrenal glands. 4. An abnormal decrease beyond the fasting level, referred to as hypoglycemia, is observed in cases of insulin secreting tumors, mixedema, hypopituitarism, Addison’s disease and conditions interfering with glucose absorption.