BLOOD GROUPS AND BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS.pptx

BLOOD GROUPS AND BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS.pptx

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  BLOOD GROUPS AND BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS DR.RABIA NISAR
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  INTRODUCTION  A bloodgroup also called a Blood Type.  Classification of blood is based on the presence or absence of inherited antigenic substances on the surface of red blood cells (RBCS)  These antigens may be proteins, carbohydrates, glycoproteins, or glycolipids, depending on the blood group system.
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  BLOOD GROUP SYSTEMS ABOBLOOD GROUP SYSTEMS:  The ABO blood group system is the most important blood group system in human blood transfusion.  Determination of ABO blood groups depends upon the immunological reaction between antigen and antibody.  Antigens are also called agglutinogens because of their capacity to cause agglutination of RBCS .
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  LANDSTEINER RULE  Ifan antigen is present on a patients red blood cells ( RBCS) the corresponding antibody will NOT be present in the patients plasma, under normal conditions.
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  ABO BASICS  Basedon the presence or absence of antigen A and antigen B, blood is divided into four groups: A,B,AB and O group  Blood having antigen A belongs to A group. This blood has b- antibody in the serum.  Blood with antigen B and a- antibody belongs to B group.  If both antigens are present, blood group is called AB group and serum of this group doesnot contain any antibody  If both antigens are absent, the blood group is called O group and both a and b antibodies are present in the serum.
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  ANTIGEN AND ANTIBODYPRESENT IN ABO BLOOD GROUP ABO GROUP ANTIGEN PRESENT ANTIGEN MISSING ANTIBODY PRESENT A A B Anti-B B B A Anti-A O None A and B Anti-A and B AB A and B None None
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  IMPORTANCE OF ABOGROUPS IN BLOOD TRANSFUSION  During blood transfusion, only compatible blood must be used.  The one who gives blood is called the DONOR and the one who receives the blood is called RECIPIENT.  While transfusing the blood, antigen of the donor and the antibody of the recipient are considered.  The antibody of the donor and antigen of the recipient are ignored mostly.  Thus, RBC of O group has no antigen and so agglutination does not occur with any other group of blood.So, O group blood can be given to any blood group persons and the people with this blood group are called UNIVERSAL DONORS.
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   Plasma ofAB group blood has no antibody. This does not cause agglutination of RBC from any other group of blood.  People with AB group can receive blood from any other blood group persons. So, people with this blood group are called UNIVERSAL RECIPIENTS.  In mismatched transfusion, the transfusion reactions occur between donors RBC and recipients plasma.So, if the donors plasma contains agglutinins against recipients RBC, agglutination does not occur because these antibodies are diluted in the recipients blood.  The transfusion reactions may be mild causing only fever and hives or may be severe leading to renal failure , shock and death.
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  BLOOD COMPATIBILITY  . O AB AB
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  Rh BLOOD GROUPSYSTEM  The Rh blood group system is one of thirty-five current human blood group systems  It is the most important blood group system after ABO.  Rh blood group system consists of 50 defined blood-group antigens, among them there are six common types of Rh antigens.  Each of which is called an Rh factor. These types are designated C,D,E,c,d,and e.
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   The typeD antigen is widely prevalent in the population and considerably more antigenic than the other Rh antigens.  Anyone who has this type of antigen is said to be Rh positive, whereas a person who does not have type D antigen is said to be Rh negative.  This antigen was discovered by Karl Landsteiner and Alexander Wiener in 1940.  It was first discovered in Rhesus macaque and hence the name Rh factor.
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  BLOOD TRANSFUSION  Bloodtransfusion is generally the process of receiving blood products into ones circulation intravenously.  Transfusions are used for various medical conditions to replace lost components of the blood.  Early transfusions used whole blood, but modern medical practice commonly uses only components of the blood, such as red blood cells, white blood cells, plasma, clotting factors, and platelets.
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   Blood transfusionis the process of transferring blood or blood components from one person ( the donor) into the bloodstream of another person ( the recipient).  Richard Lower pioneered the first blood transfusion from animal to human in 1665 at the Royal Society.  In 1840 Dr. Blundell, performed the first successful whole blood transfusion to treat haemophilia.
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   Before ablood transfusion is given, there are many steps taken to ensure quality of the blood products, compatibility, and safety to the recipients.  Blood transfusions typically use sources of blood: ones own(autologous transfusion), or someones else ( allogeneic or homologous transfusion)  Usings anothers blood must first start with donation of blood.  Blood is most commonly donated as whole blood intravenously and collecting it with an anticoagulant.
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  PROCESSING AND TESTINGOF BLOOD  Donated blood is usually subjected to processing after it is collected, to make it suitable for use in specific patient populations.  Collected blood is then separated into blood components by centrifugation: red blood cells, plasma, platelets, albumin protein, clotting factors amd antibodies.  All donated blood is tested for infections like HIVs, Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, Syphilis.  All donated blood is also tested for ABO and Rh groups, along with the presence of any red blood cell antibodies.  Pathogen reduction treatment done.
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  CONDITIONS WHEN BLOOD TRANSFUSIONIS NECESSARY  ANEMIA  HEMORRHAGE  TRAUMA  BURNS  SURGERY
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  PRECAUTIONS TO BETAKEN BEFORE THE TRANSFUSION OF BLOOD.  Donor must be healthy, without any diseases like: a. Sexually transmitted diseases such as syphilis b. Diseases caused by virus like hepatitis, AIDS, etc  Only compatible blood must be transfused  Both matching and cross matching must be done.  Rh compatibility must be confirmed.
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  PRECAUTION TO BETAKEN WHILE TRANSFUSING BLOOD  Apparatus for transfusion must be sterile.  Temperature of blood to be transfused must be same as the body temperature.  Transfusion of blood must be slow. The sudden rapid infusion of blood into the body increases the load on the heart, resulting in many complications.
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  ADVERSE EFFECT OFBLOOD TRANSFUSION.  Transfusions of blood products are associated with several complications, many of which can be grouped as immunological or infectious such as:  Acute hemolytic reaction  Delayed hemolytic reaction  Allergic reaction  Post-transfusion purpura  Transfusion associated acute lung injury  HIV  Hepatitis C
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  EXCHANGE TRANSFUSION  Itis the procedure which involves removal of patients blood completely and replacement with fresh blood or plasma of the donor  Also known as replacement transfusion.  It is an important in life saving procedure carried out in conditions such as severe jaundice, sickle cell anemia, erythroblastosis fetalis, etc.