Blood groups.pptx

Blood groups.pptx

• 1.
  BLOOD GROUPS
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  INTRODUCTION ■ Agglutinogens – Antigenspresent on cell membrane of RBC ■ Agglutinins – antibodies against Agglutinogens present in plasma. ■ Agglutination – of RBC is reaction between these 2
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  LANDSTEINER’S LAW KARL LANDSTEINER1900 ■ If an Agglutinogens is present on surface of RBC corresponding agglutinins must be absent in plasma. ■ & if an Agglutinogens is absent on surface of RBC corresponding Agglutinins must be present in plasma.
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  CLASSICAL ABO BLOOD GROUPINGSYSTEM ■ The surface of erythrocytes contain a genetically determined assortment of antigens composed of glycoproteins and glycolipids this is called as agglutinogens. ■ There are at least 24 blood groups and more than 100 antigens that can be detected on the surface of red blood cells.
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  CLASSICAL ABO BLOOD GROUPINGSYSTEM ■ The ABO blood group is based on two glycolipid antigens called A and B. ■ People whose RBC’s display only antigen A have type A blood, those who have only antigen B are type B. ■ Blood plasma contains antibodies called agglutinins that react with A and B antigen.
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  CLASSICAL ABO BLOOD GROUPINGSYSTEM ■ Anti-A antibody, which reacts with antigen A and anti-B antibody which reacts with antigen B. ■ If your blood type is B, you have B antigens in RBC’s and anti-A antibodies in your blood plasma
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  TYPES OF ABOBLOOD GROUPS. BLOOD GROUP ANTIGEN ANTIBODIES A A Anti- B B B Anti -A AB AB --------------------- O ----------- Anti- A & Anti- B
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  POPULATION DISTRIBUTION OF ABOBLOOD GROUPS BLOOD GROUPS PERCENTAGE (%) A 20 B 40 AB 08 O 32
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  INHERITANCE OF ABOBLOOD GROUPS PHENOTYPE (BLOOD GROUP) GENOTYPE A AA,AO B BB,BO AB AB O OO
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  APPERANCE OF ANTIGENS& ANTIBODIES ■ Antigens A & B appears in 6thweek of fetal life, at birth 1/5thof adult level & rises during puberty & adolescence. ■ Antibodies are absent at birth, appear 10-15 days after birth, reach maximum at 10 yrs.
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  MECHANISM ■ Antigens similarto A & B are present in intestinal bacteria & foods, when newborn exposed to these absorbed in blood, stimulate formation of antibodies against antigens recognized as non-self by immune system.
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  DETERMINATION OF ABO BLOODGROUPS ■“Determination of Blood Groups”
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  Rh BLOOD GROUPINGSYSTEM ■ Rh Antigens – called Rh as these were first discovered in RBC of rhesus monkey. ■ Discovered by Landsteiner & weiner in 1940. ■ People whose RBC’s have Rh antigens are designated Rh+, those who lacks are designated as Rh-. ■ Normally blood plasma does not contain anti-Rh antibodies.
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  DONORS & RECIPIENT. ■Donor – person who donate the blood ■ Recipient – person who receives the blood. ■ Universal donor – O Rh Negative. ■ Universal recipient – AB Rh positive ■ Rarest Blood Group– AB Rh Negative
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  Thank You