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Blood tests
- 1.
- 2. Blood test • Laboratoryanalysis performed on a blood sample that is taken from vein • To check glucose level, hemoglobin level, white blood cells etc.
- 3. Methods of bloodTests • Mainly two methods • Extraction through injection for large amount of blood • Finger prick for small amount of blood
- 4. Different types ofblood test 1. Troponin 2. Blood glucose 3. Full blood count 4. Cholesterol 5. Liver blood test 6. Group & save test 7. Urea & electrolyte test 8. Brain Natriuretic Peptide 9. Blood gas test 10. International Normalised Ratio 11. Blood group determination test
- 5. Troponin • If youhave chest pain, a blood test will often be taken to check your level of troponin, • troponin, a protein which the heart releases into your bloodstream when the heart muscle is being damaged. • It can help to diagnose a heart attack, but a low level doesn’t prove you haven’t had a heart attack.
- 6. Troponin • Women tendto produce less troponin than men, so a heart attack diagnosis may be missed. The BHF has funded research looking at ways of measuring the same protein but at much lower levels, known as high-sensitivity testing. Troponin is always tested in a hospital setting. The results are usually available quickly which allows prompt diagnosis and treatment.
- 7. Troponin • Troponin testis also known as T-test • Troponin T test • Troponin L test • Normal range: below 0.04 ng/ml • Probable heart attack: above 0.40 ng/ml • Having a result between 0.04 and 0.39 ng/ml often indicates a problem with the heart.
- 8. Blood glucose Also knownas HbA1c This checks your blood glucose level. It helps give an accurate diagnosis of diabetes and guide your doctor to the best treatment for you. If the levels are slightly higher than normal but don’t meet the criteria for diabetes, your doctor might say you have pre-diabetes or ‘borderline’ diabetes. This means you are still at risk
- 9. Blood glucose Normal fasting70-100mg/dl random 125mg/dl Pre-diabetic fasting 100-125 mg/dl random 140-199 mg/dl Diabetic fasting 126mg/dl random 200mg/dl
- 10. Cholesterol Test • Knowas lipid profile test • Amount of cholesterol or fat or lipid protein can be calculated • Two types • Good cholesterol • Bad cholesterol
- 11. Good cholesterol • Knownas low density lipoprotein • Also known as LDL • Main source of blockage arteries • Less than 100mg/dl optimal • 100-129mg/dl near optimal • 130-159mg/dl borderline • 160-189mg/dl high • 190mg/dl or above very high
- 12. Bad cholesterol • Knownas high density lipoprotein • Also known as HDL • Helps to get rid of bad cholesterol • 60mg/dl and high considered protective against heart disease • 40-59mg/dl high, better • Less than 40mg/dl major risk of heart attack
- 13. • It isalso a good way to see if your medication is being effective in reducing your bad cholesterol levels, and in particular to see if your dose needs to be increased. Many people only need this checking once a year, but your doctor may want to keep a closer eye on it if it remains high despite treatment, or refer you to a doctor who specialises in lipid management.
- 14. Liver blood tests •To diagnose liver disease • Also known as liver function test • LBT • LFT • Done to make sure that liver is working properly
- 15. Liver blood tests •The test looks at several different enzymes and proteins, which are known to be higher or lower if the liver is damaged. An abnormal test result doesn’t necessarily mean that your liver isn’t working properly.
- 16. Full blood count •To check different components of blood like RBC, WBC, hemoglobin etc. • Also known as total blood count • FBC • TBC
- 17. Full blood count •RBC 4.32-5.72 million cells/ml men • RBC 3.90-5.03 million cells/ml women • Platelets 150,000-450,000/mcl • WBC 3500-10,500/mcl • Hemoglobin 13.5-17.5g/ml men • Hemoglobin 12.0-15.5.5g/ml women
- 18. Full blood count •Detect iron deficiency • Infection • Heart condition • Cancer • Anemia
- 19. Group and savetest • Also known as group and screen test • This is done if you might need a blood transfusion later, for example if you are having surgery or have severe anemia. • It finds out your blood group and checks for antibodies that can affect a transfusion. It is done in the hospital at your pre- assessment clinic, or if you are admitted as an emergency, after an accident for example. It needs be done less than 72 hours before the potential transfusion, so will be repeated if necessary.
- 20. Urea and electrolytes •These are important biological tests • Electrolytes Maintain the pH of blood • Sodium 135-145mmol/L • Potassium 5.1-6.0mmol/L • Magnesium • Ammonia 15-50mmol/L • Urea 15-40mg/dl • Blood urea nitrogen 2.5-6.4mmol/L
- 21. Urea and electrolytes •If the levels are too high or too low, this can cause abnormal heart rhythms, so it is important to adjust them if the levels aren’t right. • The body makes a protein called urea which is normally broken down in the kidneys. If there is a higher level in the blood than normal, this could indicate problems with kidney function, which can affect your heart too.
- 22. • Some heartmedications, such as ACE inhibitors, can affect your kidneys, so this test will help your doctor decide if it is safe or appropriate to increase your dose, depending on your condition and the results of the test.
- 23. Brain Natriuretic Peptide •This can diagnose or show the severity of heart failure. • If you are showing symptoms of heart failure, such as swollen ankles or feeling short of breath, having this blood test • Peptide is a hormone that is released in response to volume expansion and increase wall stress of the cardiac myocytes.
- 24. BNP Continued…… • BNPlevel is high when heart can not pump the way it should. • Above 100pg/ml is abnormal and dangerous
- 25. Blood gas test •Blood is sometimes taken from an artery in the wrist to check for levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide, and its chemical balance. This would only be done in places like A&E and intensive care units. The test is used if you have trouble breathing or have lung problems. • Also known as arterial blood gas • ABG
- 26. Blood gas test •Determine the pH of blood • pH 7.35-7.45 • Pressure of carbon dioxide 33-45 mmHg • Pressure of oxygen 80-100 mmHg • Oxygen saturation 95% • Bicarbonates 22-26mEq/L • Check lung disease
- 27. International Normalised Ratio •If you take warfarin (a blood-thinning medicine), it is very important that your blood clotting levels are kept within a level requested by your specialist. • Measure how long to clot blood after injury • Normal 1.1 or below • 2.0-3.0 effective if taking blood thinning medicine like warfarin • 4.9 critical
- 28. Why Should IKnow About Blood Conditions? • When something is wrong with your blood, it can affect your total health. • That is why it is important for you to know about some of the common blood disorders that may affect you. • People may be affected by many different types of blood conditions and blood cancers. • Common blood disorders include anemia, bleeding disorders such as hemophilia, blood clots, and blood cancers such as leukemia and lymphoma.
- 29. Other Blood Tests •Calcium blood test • Calcium is important because it gives strength to your bones. Your muscles, nerves and heart need calcium to work properly, while calcium also helps your blood to clot. • 8.6-10.2mg/dl • Vary lab to lab
- 30. Vitamin D test •Vitamin D is important for strong and healthy bones, and can help prevent a number of diseases. Vitamin D levels in your body can be checked with a blood test. • 20-50ng/mL • Less than 12ng/mL indicate deficiency
- 31. Vitamin B12 test •You need vitamin B12 in your blood so you can make blood cells and have your nerves function well. Vitamin B12 is also known as cobalamin. • 200-900pg/mL • 200-300pg/mL is boarderline
- 32. Iron studies • Ironstudies are blood tests that look at how much iron is in your blood and in other cells. Having either too little or too much iron can cause serious problems. • 60-170mcg/dL • Low conc. cause anemia • High conc. Cause iron overload disease
- 33. Kidney function tests •Your kidneys are important because they filter waste from your body and regulate the salts in your blood. There are many reasons your kidneys may not work effectively. Kidney function tests can help your doctor check your kidney function and to monitor it over time. • Creatinine range 0.6–1.1 mg/dL in women and 0.7–1.3 mg/dL in men. • Urea, ureic acid, phosphate can also b checked
- 34. REFERENCES 1. https://www.healthline.com/health/blood-tests#important-blood-tests 2. LaboratoryManual and Review on Clinical Pathology, Dr. Jelalu Kemal, 3. https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/blood-tests-a-z