Boiler ssasit

IntroductionIntroduction
Steam boiler is a closed vessel in which heat produced by the combustion of
fuel is utilized to produce steam from water, at desired temperature and
pressure.
According to Indian Boiler Regulation (I.B.R.) a boiler is a closed pressure
vessel with capacity exceeding 22.75 liters for generating steam under pressure.
It includes all the mounting fitted to such vessels which remain wholly or
partly under pressure.
The boiler used for power generation has considerably large capacity and
steam is produced at high pressure to get high efficiency of turbine. The boiler
used for process heating generate steam at a lower pressure. It is generally
smaller in size and simpler in design.

Classification of BoilersClassification of Boilers
 (1) According to geometric orientation of boiler:
If the axis of the boiler is horizontal, the boiler is known as horizontal boiler,
Example : Lancashire Boiler
Locomotive Boiler
If the axis of the boiler is vertical, it is known as vertical boiler,
Example :Cochran Boiler
And,
If the axis of the boiler is inclined it is known as inclined boiler.

 (2) According to relative position of water and hot gases :
(a) Fire Tube boilers :- If the hot gases of combustion from the furnace
pass through the tubes and water is surrounding the tubes is called water
tube boilers.

(b) Water tube boiler :
If the water passes through the tubes and hot gases surrounding the
tubes is called water tube boiler.

(3) According to location of furnace
(a) Externally Fired boilers: Furnace is placed outside the boiler shell.
Water tube boilers are always externally fired.
(b) Internally fired boiler: Furnace is placed inside the boiler shell. Most
of fire tube boilers are internally fired boiler.
(4) According to method of
water circulation :
(a) Natural circulation boilers: In this
boiler, water flow take place naturally,
by temperature difference of water. The
low capacity boilers use natural
circulation.
Example : Lancashire, Babcock and
Wilcox boiler.

(b)Forced circulation boilers :
In this boiler, water flow
(circulation) is take place by a
pump. High pressure boilers
are forced circulation boilers.
Example : Benson boiler,
La-mount boiler, Velox boiler.
(5) According to working pressure :
(a) High pressure boiler: The working pressure of this boiler is higher than
25 bar. Example : Babcock and Wilcox boiler
(b) Medium pressure boiler : The range of working pressure of this boiler is
between 10 bar to 25 bar.
Example : Lancashire boiler, Locomotive boiler
(c) Low pressure boiler :
The range of working pressure is between 3.5 to 10 bar.
Example : Cochran and Cornish boiler.

(6) According to mobility of boiler :
(a)Stationary boiler : This boiler cannot be transported easily from one place
to another place. The stationary boilers are used for power generation or process
heating in industries.
Example : Lancashire, Babcock and Wilcox boiler.
(b)Mobile boiler : It is portable boiler and can be easily transported (moved)
from one place to another place. This boiler is used in marine and locomotive.
Example: Locomotive boiler.
(7) According to numbers of tubes in the boiler :
(a)Single tube boiler: This boiler having only one fire or water tube for
circulation of hot gases or water.
Example: Cornish boiler.
(b) Multi-tube boiler : This boiler having two or more fire or water tubes for
the circulation of hot gases or water.
Example : Locomotive, Cochran, Lancashire, Babcock & Wilcox

Advantages and disadvantages :
(1) The heating surface of the boiler is greater.
(2) Required a smaller floor area compared to fire tube boiler.
(3) The fuel is completely burnt due to the large heating area.
(4) A good and fast circulation of water can be possible, and the temperature is
maintained uniform throughout the different parts of the boiler.
(5) Steam can be raised more quickly therefore it can be used for variable load.
(6) The different parts of the boiler can be separated, therefore easier to
transport.
Disadvantages of water tube boiler :
(1) Scale deposition will cause overheating and bursting of tubes.
(2) Proper control system is required to maintain constant level of water as
there is small reserve of water.
(3) The maintenance cost is higher than that of the fire tube boiler.
Water Tube Boiler Over The Fire TubeWater Tube Boiler Over The Fire Tube
BoilerBoiler

Comparison :Water Tube Boiler and Fire TubeComparison :Water Tube Boiler and Fire Tube
BoilerBoiler

(1) Cylindrical shell: It is shell in which different parts of the boiler are
enclosed and on which the different mountings are fitted.
(2) Grate : It is platform in the furnace on which fuel is burnt.
(3) Furnace (fire box): It is a chamber formed by the space above the boiler
shell in which combustion take place. It is also called a fire box. This
chamber contains hot gases produced by combustion of fuel.
(4) Fire hole : It is the hole through which coal is added to the furnace.
(5) Ash pit (ash pan): It is the area in which the ash of burnt coal is collected.
(6) Smoke chamber (smoke box): The waste gases are collected here and then
releases to the chimney and then to atmosphere.
Basic parts of boiler (boiler details)Basic parts of boiler (boiler details)

(7) Man hole : It is a hole provided on the boiler shell so that a workman can
go inside the boiler for inspection, cleaning and maintenance.
(8) Hand holes : It is a hole provided on the shell to give easy access for the
purpose of cleaning the water tubes or some other internal parts of boiler.
They are also fitted with covers.
(8) Mud box: It collects all impurities present in the water. It is at the bottom
of barrel or shell. This impurities are removed time to time by help of
blow off cock.
(9) Steam collecting pipe (Antipriming pipe): When the steam leaving the
boiler, it contains certain amount of water. Antipriming pipe is used to
separate water particles from the steam and to collect dry steam from
boiler.

Characteristics of boiler: A
vertical, multifire-tube, internally fired,
natural circulated boiler.
Construction : The boiler consists of
a cylindrical shell, hemispherical fire box,
fire tubes and chimney. The hemispherical
crown of boiler gives good strength to
withstand against the pressure.
Cochran boilerCochran boiler (Vertical multi-tabular(Vertical multi-tabular
boiler)boiler)

The hemispherical shape of furnace can withstand high heat and is also
useful to increase radiant heat transfer from the furnace to hemispherical
furnace wall. The grate is placed at the bottom of furnace and ash pit is located
below the grate.
Working :
The water is supplied to the boiler through feed check valve and the Coal is
introduced to the grate through the fire door.
The hot gases produced from furnace enters combustion chamber and passes
through horizontal fire tubes.
Heat transfer take place from flue gases to water surrounded the tubes by
convection.
The flue gases coming from of fire tubes enter into smoke box. Finally they
discharge to atmosphere through a chimney.
The ash formed is collected in ash pit.

Advantages :
(1) It is compact and portable boiler therefore minimum
floor area is required
(2) Initial cost of boiler is less.
(3) It can be moved and set up readily in different locations.
(4) Quick and easy installation.
(5)Any type of fuel can be used (coal or oil)
Disadvantages :
(1) Steam raising capacity is less due to vertical design.
(2) Water along with steam may enter the steam pipe under
heavy loads due to small steam space.
(3)Efficiency is poor in smaller sizes.

Babcock and Wilcox water tube boilerBabcock and Wilcox water tube boiler

Construction:
It consists of inclined water tubes, a steam and water drum, a mud box and
super heater as shown in figure. The drum is connected to up take and down take
header by tubes.
The water tube inclined to the horizontal about 15° or above to bring natural
circulation of water.
The hand hole is provided in
header for cleaning and
inspection of tubes.
The baffles plates are provided
in order to make the circulation
of hot gases in sine wave form.
 Soot doors (cleanout door) is
provided to clean the outside of
the water tubes and to remove the
soot. Soot doors also help to
access to the interior of the
boiler.

Working :
The water is fed into the drum through the fed check valve. Initially one half of
drum is filled up with water. Due to gravity water passes through the short riser
tubes, header and fills up the inclined water tubes.
The coal is introduced to furnace grate by help of stroker and the damper
control the flow of air into the furnace.
Due to heating the density of water decreases. Low density water moves
upward in water tubes. The water tubes just above furnace is heated
comparatively at a higher temperature than the rest of it. Therefore low density
water gradually converted to steam in their path and rises into the drum through
the uptake header.
Thus a continuous circulation of water from drum to water tubes and water
tubes to drum is maintained due to density difference of water and gravity,
without any pump.
The steam then enters through the antipriming pipe and flows in the super
heater tubes where it is further heated and is finally taken.

Advantages :
(1)The steam generation capacity of the boiler is very high,
about 2000 to 40,000 kg/ hr.
(2) Replacement of defective tubes is easy.
(3) The draught losses as compared to other boilers is minimum.
(4) It is used in power station for generating large quantity of
steam.
(5)Boiler is required less space area compared to fire tube boilers,
and offers greater operational safety.

Construction :
 It consists of a cylindrical shell and two fire tubes. The cylindrical shell is
placed over the brick structure.
The boiler have three passes for flow of flue gases.
- One flue passes from inside of boiler,
- second from below and
- third from the side of boiler shell.
These three passes are formed by brick work, one bottom flue and two
side flue.
The grates are provided at the front end and inside of two main fire tubes.
Super heater is provided at the end of the main flue tubes in passage of flue
gases. While an economizer is at the end of the side flues, before exhausting
the gases to chimney.

Working :
The coal is introduced to the grate through fire holes. The combustion of coal
takes place in presence of air which is regulated by damper. The combustion
will produce hot gases.
 Path of flue gases :
Grate Flue tube Bottom flue
Chimney Atmosphere
The hot gases from the grate pass to back end of the tubes and then in the
downward direction (FT to BF). They move by the bottom flue to the front of
the boiler where they are divided into two streams and pass into the side flues
(BF to SF). They move along two side flues and enter the chimney and
discharged to atmosphere.

Advantages:
(1) Due to three passes of flue gases, the heating surface area per unit volume of
boiler is large.
(2) The fluctuations in load can be easily met by this boiler due to large
reservoir.
(3) Easy operation, low maintenance costs, easy to clean and inspect.
(4) By use of economiser and super heater, maximum heat of flue gases is
utilized, so efficiency of boiler can be increased.
Disadvantages :
(1) Maximum working pressure is limited to 16 bars.
(2) Due to brick work, more floor area is required.
(3) Response of pressure build up is less.
(4)The furnace is inside the tubes therefore the grate area is restricted.

Construction :
 The Locomotive boiler consists of a cylindrical barrel with a rectangular fire box at
one end of barrel and a smoke box at the other end of barrel as shown in figure.
Firebox entirely surrounded by water except for the fire hole and the ash pit which is
situated below the fire box.
The dampers control the flow of air to the grate. The fire box is connected with smoke
box by series of fire tubes.
The fire tubes are placed inside the barrel. Some of these tube are of larger diameter, in
which super heater tubes are placed.

Working :
The coal is introduced through the fire hole into the fire box. The hot gases which
are generated due to burning of the coal are deflected by an arch of fire bricks, so that
walls of the fire box may be heated properly.
The hot gases pass from the fire box to the smoke box through a series of fire tubes
and then they are discharged into the atmosphere through the chimney.
The heat of the hot gases is transferred into the water through the heating surface of
the fire tubes. The steam generated is collected in a dome shaped chamber above the
water surface.
Advantages :
(1) High steam capacity
(2) Low cost of construction
(3) Compact and portable
(4) Good response against fluctuating demands
Disadvantages :
(1) There are chances of corrosion and scale formation in the water
space due to the accumulation of sediments and the mud particles.
(2) It is difficult to clean some water spaces.
(3) It may be damaged by overheating during overloads.

High pressure boilerHigh pressure boiler
 In applications where steam is needed @ 30 bar and @ generating capacity less
than 30,000 kg/hr, the fire tube boilers are considerably cheaper than the water
tube boilers.
But the steam requirement is above 30 bar pressure and higher rate, the fire tube
boilers will be very bulky and difficult to transport to the site.
The water tube boiler are not facing this problem.
 Therefore, water tube boiler are generally preferred for high pressure and high
steam generating capacity whereas fire tube boiler for low pressure and low
capacity.
In the power plant, it is necessary to generate steam at a higher rate, high
pressure and with higher efficiency. This requirement is fulfill by high pressure
boilers.

Advantages of High pressure boilerAdvantages of High pressure boiler
(1)Due to forced circulation of water, evaporative capacity of boiler is increased and
size of drum is reduced.
(2)The tendency of scale formation is eliminated due to high velocity of water through
the tubes.
(3)Smaller diameter tubes are used, which increases heat transfer rate and reduces fuel
consumption.
(4)The cost of foundation, the time of erection and cost are reduced due to less weight
of the tubes used.
(5)Pressurized combustion is used which increases rate of firing of fuel thus increasing
the rate of heat release.
(6)These boilers are compact and hence less floor space is required.
(7)Due to uniform heating of all parts, there is less chances of overheating.
(8)The efficiency of plant is increased up to 40 to 42% by using high pressure and high
temperature steam.
(9)The steam can be raised quickly to meet the variable load.
(10) A very rapid start from cold is possible.

Boiler mountings: These are different fittings and devices which are necessary for
the operation and safety of a boiler. Normally these device are mounted over boiler
shell.
 According to IBR the following mountings should be fitted to the boilers.
(1) Two safety valves (2) Two water level indicators
(3) A pressure gauge (4) A steam stop valve
(5) A feed check valve (6) A blow off cock
(7) Mud holes or sight holes (8) A man hole
(9) An attachment for inspector's test gauge
Boiler Accessories: These are auxiliary plants or parts required for steam
boilers for their proper operation and increases efficiency of the boiler.
 Commonly used boiler accessories are as
(1) Feed pumps
(2) Injector
(3) Economiser
(4) Air preheater
(5) Superheater
(6) Steam seperator
(7) Steam strap

Boiler mountingsBoiler mountings
Pressure Gauge:
Function: It is an instrument measure the
pressure of steam in boiler.
Construction :
The gauge is usually mounted on the front
top of the shell or the drum. It is designed to
read pressure in kgf/cm2
or bar, above
atmosphere.
The circular bent bourdon tube of oval-cross
section is closed at one end and the other
end is connected with steam space of boiler
through siphon (U-tube).
A bourden gauge with its interior mechanism as shown in Fig.

Working : When pressure is applied to inside of oval tube, It cross section tends
to becomes circular, and free end of tube try to becomes straight, so turning the
spindle and needle by the links and gearing.

Function: It is indicates the water level inside the boiler to an observer.
Water Level Indicator

Working:
The water of the boiler comes into the glass tube through the lower tube and
the steam through the upper tube.
The water then stands in the glass tube at the same level as in the boiler.
Two cocks are used to control the passage of between the boiler and the
glass tube while the third cock is in used to discharge some of the water from
inside the boiler to see whether the gauge is in proper order or not.

Function : To regulate the flow
of steam from boiler to the
steam pipe or from one steam
pipe to the other.
Steam Stop Valve

Construction :
The flange of valve body bolted to the boiler at the highest part of steam
space.
It consist of valve seat and nut. The main body of valve is made of cast
iron and valve seat made from gun metal.
When steam stop valve is placed directly over the boiler and connected to
the steam pipe line is called the Junction valve. If it is placed near to prime
mover than normally called steam stop valve.
Working :
The spindle is rotated by help of a hand wheel. Due to rotation of spindle
the valve move up and down.
When the valve sits over the valve seat, the passage of steam is
completely closed.
The steam passage may be partially or fully opened by moving the valve
up, help of rotating the hand wheel.

Function:
It is used to control the supply
of water to the boiler & to
prevent the escaping of water
from the boiler when the pump
pressure is less or pump is
stopped.
Feed Check Valve

• Construction:
 The feed check valve is fitted in the water space of the boiler just below the
normal level of the water.
 It consist of non-return valve, water inlet pipe, outlet pipe, spindle, gland and
hand wheel.
 outlet pipe of valve connected with boiler and inlet pipe connected with end of
delivery pipe of feed pump.
• Working :
 Inlet and outlet pipe of valve is exposes
different pressure. At inlet of valve the feed
pump pressure acts and outlet pipe of valve
the boiler pressure act.
When feed pump is in
operation, the pressure on the
feed pump side (inlet) is more
than pressure on the boiler
side (outlet). This pressure
difference lifts the non return
valve, and allows water flow
into boiler.

Blow-off cock :
Function : The blow-off cock or valve performs the two functions.
(1) To discharge periodically a portion of water which contains mud, scale or
sediments at bottom of boiler vessel while boiler is in operation.
(2) To empty the boiler when necessary for cleaning, inspection and repair.

Working:
 In order to operate the valve, the
rectangular slot is brought in line with the
passage of the body. This is possible by
rotating the plug with the help of wheel.
When the slot is placed in this position,
the cock is opened and all the impurities,
mud, sediments etc. Start flowing out of
the boiler and they are removed.
 When the slot is brought at right
angles to the passage of the body, the
cock is closed.

Function: Its function is to protect the boiler against damage due to overheating
for low water level. It is fitted in the crown of the furnace or firebox at appropriate
place.
Fusible
plug

Working:
 In the normal working conditions of the boiler, the fusible plug is fully
submerged under water.
When the water level falls below the fusible plug, the plug gets uncovered from
water. The upper portion of the plug gets exposed to the steam space.
The steam cannot keep the plug
cool. This will over heat the fusible
metal. The plug falls down along
with the fusible metal making a
hole.
The steam and water, being
under pressure immediately reach
the firebox and extinguish the fire.

Safety Valves :
Function : To release the excess steam when the pressure of steam
inside the boiler increases higher than the safe pressure (maximum
pressure). Safety valve are used to maintain safe pressure inside the
boiler.
As soon as pressure of steam inside the boiler increases higher than the safe
pressure, safety valve automatically opens and excess steam rushes out into
the atmosphere still pressure drops down to normal value.
Safety valve is generally mounted on the top of the shell. All boiler should have
at least two safety valves.
The safety valve may be classified as
(a) Dead weight safety valve
(b) Lever safety valve
(c) Spring loaded safety valve
(d) High steam and low water safety valve.

Dead weight safety valve :
Construction : A valve is placed upon a valve seat which is fixed upon a long
vertical pipe having a flange at the bottom for fixing at the top of the boiler.
The weight carrier
suspended from the top
of the valve which carries
cast iron rings (weight).
The total weight must
be sufficient to keep the
valve on it seat against
the normal working
pressure.

• Working:
 When the steam pressure exceeds the normal limits, this high pressure steam
creates upward force on valve, thus valve lift with its weights and the excess
steam escapes through the pipe to the outside.
• Advantages :
(1)The construction of valve is simple.
(2)It gives satisfactory operation for low pressure and stationary boilers.
• Disadvantages :
(1)It is not suitable for moving
boilers as the force of the
weights should always work
vertically downward.
(2)It is not suitable for high
pressure boiler as the weight
becomes too large.

High steam and low
water safety valve
Function : This valve serves the
following purposes.
(1)The steam automatically
escapes out when the level of
water falls below a normal level.
(2)It automatically discharges the
excess steam when the pressure
of steam rises above a normal
pressure.
This valve is generally used at
the Cornish or Lancashire boiler.

Working:
When steam pressure rises
above the normal pressure of the
boiler, the valve V lifted along
with valve U (hemispherical
valve) and excess steam
escapes out.
When the water level is fall
below the predetermined value,
float moves downwards and
valve U is move up.
This will provide special
passage to the steam for the
whistling.
Construction :
This is a device which combination of two valve and serve two purposes. It
consists of valve V resting on the valve seat and the valve U (hemispherical valve)
loaded with the weights, resting on the valve V as shown in fig.
 Inside the boiler, a lever L1 is hinged at the fulcrum. One end of lever L2
attached to a float E and other end carries weight W.

Boiler ssasit

More Related Content

What's hot

Viewers also liked

Similar to Boiler ssasit

Recently uploaded

In this document

Boiler ssasit