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BONES AND JOINTS OF THE SPINE, BONES OF THE VERTEBREA.pptx
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- 2. 02/06/2025 2 JOINTS ANDBONES OF THE SPINE Vertebral column • Also called the backbone or spine or spinal column, consist of 33 bones. • The sacral and coccygeal vertebrae are false vertebrae while the others are true vertebrae
- 3. 02/06/2025 3 Vertebral column con’t…… •The vertebral column is described in five parts and the bones of each part are numbered from above downwards. – 24 presacral vertebrae: • 7 cervical • 12 thoracic • 5 lumbar – Followed by the: • sacrum (5 fused sacral vertebrae) • coccyx (4 fused coccygeal vertebrae).
- 4. 02/06/2025 4 Vertebral column con’t…… •The 24 presacral vertebrae allow movement and hence render the vertebral column flexible. • Stability is provided by ligaments, muscles, and the form of the bones. • The abbreviations C., T., L., S., and Co., are used for the regions, and these are sometimes followed by V. for vertebra or N. for nerve.
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- 6. 02/06/2025 6 Curvatures of thespine • A healthy spine when viewed from the side has gentle curves to it. • The curves help the spine to absorb stress from body movement and gravity. • When viewed from the back, the spine should run straight down the middle of the back. • When abnormalities of the spine occur, the natural curvatures of the spine are misaligned or exaggerated in certain areas, as occurs with lordosis, kyphosis and scoliosis.
- 7. 02/06/2025 7 Curvatures of thespine • The adult vertebral column presents four (4) anteroposterior curvatures: – thoracic and sacral both convex curve anteriorly – cervical and lumbar both concave curve posteriorly
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- 9. 02/06/2025 9 Characteristics ofa typical vertebra • A body • A neural arch • The spinous process • Transverse process • Articular surfaces/facet
- 10. 02/06/2025 10 Characteristics ofa typical vertebra • A body: – Each vertebrae body is situated anteriorly. – The size of the body varies: • it is smaller at the cervical region and larger at the lumbar region. – The body is made up of spongy bone and red marrow • the vertebral end-plates (the margins of the upper and lower surfaces) consist of a ring of compact bone. • The bodies of the bones are separated from each other by intervertebral discs consisting of cartilage. – The body is marked on its sides by vascular foramina.
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- 12. 02/06/2025 12 A neuralarch • This encloses the vertebral foramen which contains the spinal cord. • The arch is made up of: – the pedicles which projects backwards from the body – the laminae which projects medially from the posterior part of the pedicles to complete the neural arch.
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- 15. 02/06/2025 15 Characteristics ofa typical vertebra cont.. • The spinous process: the laminae meet to form the spinous process which projects backwards. • Transverse process: The point at which the pedicles and laminae unit, are two lateral processes called the transverse process. • There are two articular surfaces for articulation with the vertebra above and below: – on the superior articular facet – inferior articular facet.
- 16. 02/06/2025 16 Characteristics ofa typical vertebra cont.. Articular facet Articular facet Spinous process Transverse process Transverse process
- 17. 02/06/2025 17 Characteristics ofa typical vertebra cont… Transverse and spinous processes serves as short levers. The ribs connected to the 12 thoracic vertebrae by joints with pairs form the long levers.
- 18. 02/06/2025 18 Identify thefeatures of a typical vertebrae in the following
- 19. 02/06/2025 19 A typicalvertebrae
- 20. 02/06/2025 20 THE CERVICALVERTEBRAE
- 21. 02/06/2025 21 General Characteristicsof Cervical Vertebrae • A typical cervical vertebrae has: – A small body – A larger vertebral foramen – A neural arch – A bifid (double ended) spinous process - A transverse process, which is distinguished by: - an anterior tubercle - a posterior tubercle – A well-marked foramen in the transverse process (foramen transversarium) • for the passage of the vertebral artery. – Articular process which bears the facets • superior articular process with its articular facet. • inferior articular process with its articular facet.
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- 23. 02/06/2025 23 Atypical cervicalvertebrae • Atlas or C1 • Axis or C2 • Vertebra prominens or C7
- 24. 02/06/2025 24 The Atlas/C1 Description: •This differs basically from the other cervical vertebrae because it lacks a vertebral body. • The dens of the axis sits where a centrum(body) of a typical vertebrae will be. • It has no spinous process. • It is divided into two parts by the transverse ligament. – The anterior 1/3 is occupied by the odontoid process (dens) of the axis. – The odontoid process is held in position by the transverse ligament. – The posterior 2/3 is the true vertebral foramen which occupies the spinal cord.
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- 26. 02/06/2025 26 The Atlas/C1con’t… • It is composed of: – Anterior arch – Posterior arch. – Paired lateral masses. – Paired transverse processes – Articular facet for the dens – A grove for vertebra artery – Anterior tubercle – Posterior tubercle – Tubercle for transverse ligament
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- 28. 02/06/2025 28 Atlas/c1 con’t… •Anterior arch – anterior tubercle: sits on the anterior aspect of the anterior arch and is the site of attachment of the anterior longitudinal ligament – posterior facet for the dens: this is located on the posterior aspect of the anterior arch • Posterior arch – posterior tubercle: sits on the posterior aspect of the posterior arch in place of the spinous process and is an attachment site for the ligamentum nuchae – superior surface: contains paired grooves for the C1 nerve and vertebral artery, sits just posterior to the lateral mass
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- 30. 02/06/2025 30 Atlas/C1 con’t… •Lateral masses – paired, ovoid – superior articular facet: kidney-shaped, concave and articulates with the occipital bone – inferior articular facet: circular, with a flat or slightly concave surface articulating with the lateral atlanto-axial joint. – medial surface: marked by vascular foramina and a tubercle for the attachment of the Transverse ligament • Transverse processes – longer than all of the transverse processes of the cervical vertebrae except C7 – typically covered by costal lamella – transverse foramina: contains the vertebral arteries – anterior tubercle: sometimes present on the anterior aspect of the transverse process
- 31. 02/06/2025 31 C1 orThe Atlas
- 32. 02/06/2025 32 The Axis/C2 Description: • The axis also known as the 2nd cervical vertebra differs from the rest because of the dens or odontoid process located on the superior surface of its body. • The dens is a tooth-like process which ends in a rounded point called the apex dentis. • The axis is formed by: – Two lateral masses – Neural arch (formed by pedicle and a thick lamina) – A large spinous process which is commonly bifid
- 33. 02/06/2025 33 The AxisCon’t… • Anterior components of the axis is composed of: – Dens – Lateral masses which bears the weight of the skull and transfers through to C3 vertebral body. – Transverse process with foramina transversarium. – Superior articular facets, slopes down from body like shoulders, extends over pedicles and lateral masses – inferior articular facets, face anteroinferiorly like typical cervical vertebra
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- 35. 02/06/2025 35 The AxisCon’t… • Posterior elements of the axis are composed of: – pedicle – lamina, thick and rounded – spinous process, large and bifid
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- 38. 02/06/2025 38 The 7th cervicalvertebra/Vertebra prominens/ C7 Description: • C7, also known as the vertebra prominens, is the seventh cervical vertebra and looks like vertebra C3-C6 but has some distinct features making it one of the atypical vertebrae. • The name vertebra prominens arises from its long spinous process, which is easily palpable. • Its transverse process usually lacks an anterior tubercle.
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- 40. 02/06/2025 40 Vertebra prominens/C7 con’t… • C7 possesses the standard cervical vertebral features but has some distinct features: – spinous process ends in a rounded tubercle and is not bifid – C7 transverse foramina are small, and do not transmit the vertebral artery – C7 anterior tubercle is small, and is the site for attachment of scalenus pleuralis and suprapleural membrane – C8 nerve, which does not have an associated cervical vertebra, exits in the C7-T1 vertebral foramen below C7
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- 43. 02/06/2025 43 Thoracic vertebrae/Thoracic spine Description: • The thoracic spine forms the middle part of the vertebral column. • It extends from below C7 in the cervical spine to above L1 in the lumber spine. • There are 12 thoracic vertebra, termed T1-T12 (some older doctors and texts books refer to it as the dorsal spine and D1-D12). • The thoracic spine is unique due to its articulation with ribs via costal facets. • The ribs restrict the movement of the thoracic spine.
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- 45. 02/06/2025 45 THE THORACICVERTEBRA Features of the thoracic vertebra • Medium-sized, heart shaped vertebral bodies • Medium-sized round vertebral canals. • Laterally, the vertebral bodies have two half facets(costal facets) for articulation with the head of a rib. • The spinous processes of the 1st – 9th thoracic vertebrae points downwards and overlap each other like roof tiles. • They are triangular in cross section. • The spinous processes of the last three vertebrae do not descend but extend directly dorsally.
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- 47. 02/06/2025 47 THE THORACICVERTEBRAE • Laterally and a little posteriorly lie the transverse processes which carry a costal facet for articulation with the costal tubercle.
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- 52. 02/06/2025 52 THE LUMBARVERTEBRAE Description: • The lumbar spine consists of five adjacent vertebrae of the lower vertebral column. • They participate in the lumbar lordosis, a natural curve in the spine, that is convex anteriorly. • Articulations of the facet (zygapophyseal) joints permit flexion/extension and abduction movements. • Rotation is greatly limited, and may occur only slightly at the lumbosacral joints
- 53. 02/06/2025 53 THE LUMBARVERTEBRAE con’t… • The bodies of the 5 lumbar vertebrae are much larger than those of the other vertebrae. • The spinous process is flat and directed sagitally. • The pedicles are very thick and the lamina are short and sturdy • Behind the transverse process is an accessory process .
- 54. 02/06/2025 54 THE LUMBARVERTEBRAE con’t.. • There is also the superior articular process and its mamillary process and the inferior articular process • The articular facets face medially on the superior articular processes and laterally on the inferior articular processes.
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- 58. 02/06/2025 58 THE SACRUM Description: •The sacrum forms the posterior part of the bony pelvis. • It transmits the total body weight between the lower appendicular and axial skeletons.
- 59. 02/06/2025 59 THE SACRUM •The sacrum consist of the 5 sacral vertebrae which are fused together to form a wedge- shaped bone. • It has a concave anterior/pelvic surface and a convex dorsal surface.
- 60. 02/06/2025 60 (a) concaveanterior /pelvic surface and a (b) convex dorsal surface.
- 61. 02/06/2025 61 THE SACRUMcon’t.. • The upper part (base) articulates with the 5th lumbar vertebra and the lower part (apex) articulates with the coccyx. • They articulate on each side with the ilium to form the sacro-iliac joint.
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- 63. 02/06/2025 63 THE SACRUMcon’t….. • The anterior edge of the 1st sacrum protrudes into the pelvic cavity and its therefore called the promontory of the sacrum. • The anterior/pelvic surface has four paired anterior sacral foramina. • Between each pair lie the transverse lines which are due to fusion of the adjacent surfaces of the vertebrae and the intervertebral discs.
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- 65. 02/06/2025 65 THE SACRUMcon’t….. • At the dorsal surface, there is the median sacral crest formed in the midline by the fused spinous processes. • Lateral to the median sacral crest, but medial to the posterior sacral foramina is the intermediate sacral crest, which is usually poorly developed and represent the fused remnants of the articular processes.
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- 67. 02/06/2025 67 THE SACRUMcon’t….. • The lateral sacral crest can be seen laterally to the posterior foramina. This represent the remnants of the transverse processes. • The superior articular processes are located at the upper end and it articulates with the last lumbar vertebra. • The median sacral crest terminates just above the sacral hiatus, which represents the inferior narrow opening of the vertebral canal.
- 68. 02/06/2025 68 THE SACRUMcon’t….. • A view from above shows in the middle the base which forms the contact surface with the last lumbar vertebra. • On either side of the base lie the wings (alae sacrales) SEX DIFFERENCES Males have a longer sacrum with more marked curvature but females have shorter but broader sacrum, which is less curved.
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- 70. 02/06/2025 70 The coccyx Description: •The coccyx (plural: coccyges) is the series of vertebrae forming the caudal termination of the vertebral column and is positioned inferior to the apex of the sacrum. • The coccyx consist of four vertebrae which are fused together to form one small triangular bone. • The surface which faces the sacrum has cornu(horns), formed from the completely fused articular processes of the 1st coccygeal vertebra.
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- 72. 02/06/2025 72 THE COCCYXcon’t.. • The coccyx is one leg of the tripod formed in conjunction with the ischial tuberosities for support in a seated position.
- 73. 02/06/2025 73 THE COCCYX •Additionally, it serves as the insertion site for the muscles of the pelvic floor and those that contribute to voluntary bowel control and supports the position of the anus
- 74. 02/06/2025 74 JOINTS OFTHE VERTEBRAE ZYGAPOPHYSEAL / FACET JOINTS • These are small joints between the superior articular processes and the inferior articular processes. • The capsular ligament become tenser in the craniocaudal direction. • There is relatively little movement between any two adjacent vertebrae. • It is only the combined action of all vertebrae and intervertebral discs which results in corresponding movements.
- 75. 02/06/2025 75 JOINTS OFTHE VERTEBRAE • Facets joints guide and limit movements in spinal motion. • In the cervical region there is lateral, forward and backward flexion, and a limited rotation. • In the thoracic region mainly rotation, but to some extent also flexion and extension are possible. • In the lumbar region flexion and extension occur, although slight rotation is possible.
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- 79. 02/06/2025 79 JOINTS OFTHE VERTEBRAE LUMBOSACRAL JOINT • This is the articulation of the last lumbar vertebra with the sacral bone. • There is a variable relationship between the articular surfaces and the superior articular processes of the sacral bone. It is asymmetrical in 60% of people. • The iliolumbar ligament joins the transverse process of L4 and L5 to the iliac crest and protects the lumbosacral joint from overloading during flexion and rotation.
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- 83. 02/06/2025 83 JOINTS OFTHE VERTEBRAE SACROCOCCYGEAL JOINT • This joint is between the sacrum and the coccyx. • It is often a synovial joint that is strengthened by ligaments – superficial ligament, deep dorsal sacrococcygeal ligament, a ventral and lateral sacrococcygeal ligaments.
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- 85. 02/06/2025 85 JOINTS OFTHE VERTEBRAE • Atlanto-occipital joints : it is a hyaline-covered synovial joint between the occipital condyle and concave facet of the lateral mass of the atlas. Nodding movement and lateral flexion of the head takes place at these joints- atlanto-occipital joints. • Median atlanto-axial joint. : hyaline-covered synovial joint between the dens of the axis and the posterior aspect of the anterior arch of the atlas, allowing for the rotation of the head. The dens is held in place by the transverse ligament, with a bursa between the two. • Lateral atlanto-axial joint: hyaline-covered synovial joint between the inferior articular facet of the atlas and the superior articular facet of the axis which allows for the rotation of the head.
- 86. 02/06/2025 86 JOINTS OFTHE VERTEBRAE ATLANTO-OCCIPITAL JOINT • The right and left atlanto-occipital joint is formed between the atlas and the occipital bone. • The articular surfaces are the superior articular facets of the atlas and the occipital condyles. • The joint capsules are lax and permit sideways bending and forward and backward flexion. • This ‘’upper head joint’’ is secured by ligaments.
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- 88. 02/06/2025 88 JOINTS OFTHE VERTEBRAE ATLANTO-AXIAL JOINT • This ’’lower head joint’’ consists of the median and lateral atlanto-axial articulations. • Functionally, it is a rotatory joint in which movement of 26 degrees to each side is possible from the midposition. • In the lateral joint, articular facets are the inferior articular facets of the atlas and the superior articular facet of the axis.
- 89. 02/06/2025 89 JOINTS OFTHE VERTEBRAE • The articular facet of the median atlanto-axial joint include the anterior facet of the dens of the axis, and the fovea dentis on the posterior surface of the anterior arch of the atlas.
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- 91. 02/06/2025 91 Ligaments ofatlanto-axial joint Ligaments of both ‘’head joints’’ are : • The epical ligament of the dens • The transverse ligament of the atlas • The alar ligaments
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- 93. 02/06/2025 93 Ligaments ofatlanto-axial joint • Transverse ligament: strong band that runs posterior to the dens of the axis, holding it in place. Each end is attached to tubercles on the anterior arch of the atlas. • Atlanto-axial ligaments: attach from the lower border of the anterior arch of the atlas to the front of the body of the axis. Provides tertiary support against ventral translation of the dens.
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