Bradford race gender

Bradford race gender

• 1.
  Race, Ethnicity, Sex,and Gender (Chapter 10-11) Dr. Bradford
• 2.
  Race and Ethnicity •Race = a category of people who have been singled out as inferior or superior, often on the basis of real or alleged physical characteristics such as skin color, hair texture, eye shape, or other subjectively selected attributes • Ethnicity or Ethnic group = collection of people distinguished, by others or by themselves, primarily on the basis of cultural or nationality characteristics
• 3.
  Race and Ethnicity •Race is NOT biologically Real! (Although it is culturally/socially very real) – How people are classified according to ‘races’ differs from place to place and changes over time. – *There is as much genetic variations within a racial category as there is differences between them. – Stated differently, two people of different races are as (likely to be as) genetically similar as two people within the same race.
• 4.
  Race and Ethnicity •Race is NOT biologically Real! (Although it is culturally/socially very real) – There is no single physical characteristic that all members of a single race possess that no one of any other race does not possess. – Racial markers are not concordant with (i.e. do not correlate with) either simple traits (e.g. height, weight, eye color, etc.), nor any of the complex traits that matter socially (e.g. intelligence, athletic ability, etc.)
• 5.
  Prejudice • Prejudice: ahostile or negative attitude toward people in a distinguishable group, based solely on their membership in that group. • Three components: 1. Cognitive 2. Emotional (‘affective’); 3. Behavioral (discrimination).
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  Prejudice Prejudiced Attitude? DiscriminatoryBehavior? 1. Unprejudiced nondiscriminator NO NO 2. Unprejudiced discriminator NO YES 3. Prejudiced nondiscriminator YES NO 4. Prejudiced discriminator YES YES
• 7.
  Prejudice (Cognitive) • Stereotype:a generalization about a group of people, in which certain traits are assigned to virtually all members of the group, regardless of actual variation among the members. – Stereotypes can be positive or negative – Why do we stereotype? “The law of least effort”- because the world is complicated … for most things we rely on simple, sketchy beliefs.
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  Prejudice (Cognitive) • PositiveStereotypes – Example: African American athletic ability – In one study, students were asked to listento a 20- minute audio tape of a college basketball game and to rate the performance of ‘Mark Flick.’ Students who were told that ‘Mark Flick’ was African American consistently rated his performance higher than those who were told he was caucasion. • Illusory correlation: the tendency to see relationships, or correlations, between events that are actually unrelated.
• 9.
  Prejudice (Behavioral) • Discrimination:an unjustified negative or harmful action toward the members of a group solely because of their membership in that group. • ‘micro-aggressions’: the slights, indignities, and put-downs that many minorities and people with disabilities face. • In 1942, 98% of the white population supported segregation of schools. By 1988, only 3% of whites said they wouldn’t want their child to attend school with black children.
• 10.
  Modern Racism and OtherImplicit Prejudices • Modern racism: outwardly acting unprejudiced while inwardly maintaining prejudiced attitudes. • Implicit Association Test (IAT): – Claim: if it takes whites longer to associate positive words with black faces than negative words with black faces, then whites must harbor some implicit prejudice towards blacks. – However, other researchers showed they got a significant effect when using nonsense words or neutral words, so whatever it is measuring, it might not be a stable prejudice, but how much the word associated with the target stands out, i.e. its salience.
• 11.
  Modern Racism and OtherImplicit Prejudices • ‘Shooter-bias’ in a video game • Findings: Participants were especially likely to pull the trigger when the people in the picture were black, whether or not they were holding a gun.
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  Modern Racism and OtherImplicit Prejudices • However, the book does not mention that this bias also holds for black video game players! • What does this mean?
• 13.
  Effects of Prejudiceon the Victim • Self-fulfilling prophecy – In one study, White college undergraduates were asked to interview candidates for a job. They acted disinterested in African American candidates, sat farther away, tended to stammer, and ended the interview sooner than compared to white candidates. – The ‘employers’ (actually confederates in the study), then interviewed only white applicants, acting towards half of them the way they had acted towards African Americans. – Independent judges watching these interviews evaluated those applicants who had been treated as the African Americans had!
• 14.
  Effects of Prejudiceon the Victim • Self-fulfilling prophecy – This study shows that how applicants were evaluated, how competent they appeared to be, was largely influenced by something over which they had little control: the expectations of the interviewer.
• 15.
  Effects of Prejudiceon the Victim • Stereotype threat: the stress and apprehension experienced by members of a group that their behavior might confirm a cultural stereotype. • Study: African and American and white students were given a difficult test: the GRE. Half of them were told it measured intellectual ability, and the other half were told the test was still being developed, wasn’t reliable, and didn’t measure anything. • Findings: white students performed equally well (or poorly) regardless of whether they thought they were being evaluated. African American students who thought they were being evaluated performed much worse than those who were led to believe the test was meaningless, who also performed as well as whites.
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  How can prejudicebe reduced? • Contact hypothesis: contact with people from other groups tends to reduce your prejudice against them. – Study: black students at majority white universities felt a greater sense of belonging and satisfaction the more white friends they made.
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  How can prejudicebe reduced? • NOT ALL CONTACT REDUCES PREJUDICE! • After all, slavery is also a kind of ‘contact.’
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  How can prejudicebe reduced? Six Conditions in which Contact Reduces Prejudice: 1. Mutual interdependence 2. Having a common goal 3. Equal status and power 4. Must occur in friendly, informal setting 5. Individual must learn that these out-group members who they come to know are typical of their group 6. Social norms that promote and support equality among groups are operating in the situation
• 19.
  Sex and Gender •Sex = biological, physical characteristics; “Nature” • Gender = cultural roles or social expectations about the attributes and behavior of males and females; “Nurture” – ‘Gender is not something you have, it is something you do’
• 20.
  Gender Gap Rankings Country (top10) Overall Rank Iceland 1 Norway 2 Finland 3 Sweden 4 New Zealand 5 Ireland 6 Denmark 7 Lesotho 8 Philippines 9 Switzerland 10 *USA *19 • Ranking based on the extent to which women have achieved equality in 4 areas: 1. Economic participation and opportunity 2. Education 3. Health 4. Political empowerment
• 21.
  Gender Gap Rankings Country (bottom10) Overall Rank Egypt 125 Turkey 126 Morocco 127 Benin 128 Saudi Arabia 129 Cote d’Ivoire 130 Mali 131 Pakistan 132 Chad 133 Yemen 134
• 22.
  Sex and Gender •What are some ‘cultural scripts’ (stereotypes) we have about men and women? – Dress, emotional states, ways of talking… Would you ever see a male human proposing to a female dog in a cartoon?