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Breeding of rice
The document discusses the breeding of rice (Oryza sativa), emphasizing its significance as a staple food crop globally, particularly in Asia, and outlining its ecological forms. It details the origin of cultivated rice and important breeding objectives for enhancing traits such as yield, adaptability, and disease resistance. Additionally, it covers various breeding techniques and limitations in rice varieties suited for specific conditions, including direct sowing and drought-prone areas.
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Introduction of rice, a staple food crop, importance, and cultivation regions.
Overview of rice species: Oryza sativa (Asian rice) and Oryza glaberrima (African rice).Details on 20 wild Oryza species and their role in rice breeding.
Introduction to breeding objectives for improved rice cultivars.
Characteristics for high yield potential in rice breeding.
Focus on creating rice varieties with better adaptability and stable yields.
Importance of early maturity for crop rotation and pest/disease management.
Strategies for developing rice varieties resistant to lodging and grain shattering.
Breeding for disease resistance against major rice diseases and pests.
Focus on enhancing grain shape, size, aroma, cooking quality, and nutritive value.
Explanation of rice milling processes and quality assessments.
Concerns regarding dwarfing gene sources and breeding for specific conditions.
Introduction to rice varieties released using various breeding methods.
Methods of hybridization, including intervarietal and interspecific crosses.
Significant milestones in hybrid rice development.
Definition of hybrid rice and production processes.
Hybrid rice advantages such as increased productivity and adaptability.
Addressing food demand challenges due to population and environmental constraints.
Effectiveness of hybrid rice in sustainable farming.
Mechanisms of male sterility and hybrid seed production in rice.
Historic success of hybrid rice technology in China.
Overview of hybrid rice research efforts and released hybrids in India.
Explains three-line and two-line hybrid rice breeding systems.
Methods for producing hybrid seed with high purity and quality.
Overview of ICAR initiated hybrid rice breeding and released hybrids in India.
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Breeding of rice
- 1. Breeding of RICE Oryza sativa(2n=24) Dr. Mamata Khandappagol Assistant Professor (Contractual) Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding CoA, Chamarajanagara-571127 UAS, GKVK, Bengaluru Dr. Mamata K, Dept. of GPB, CoA, Chamarajanagara 1
- 2. • Rice isone of the most important staple food crop of the world grown in more than one hundred countries. • It contributes more than 60 per cent to the world food basket. • It is a warm season crop, grown extensively in the humid tropical and subtropical regions of the world • China, India, Japan, Korea, South-Eastern Asia and the adjacent islands of the Pacific accounting about 90 per cent of the world rice production. • Rice is India's predominant crop and is the staple food for people of the eastern and southern parts of India. • Rice is one of the oldest cultivated crops. Dr. Mamata K, Dept. of GPB, CoA, Chamarajanagara 2
- 3. Cultivated Species ofRice (A) Asian Rice (Oryza sativa L.) It is predminant species which has spread to different part of world. (B)African Rice (Oryza glaberrima L.) It is still confined to tropical Africa The Asian rice grouped into three ecological forms based on morphological and physiological characteristics and geographical adaptation. 1. Indica : Grown in Tropical climate: India, Sri- Lanka, China,Thailand, Malaysia, Taiwan 2. Japonica: Temperate climate : Japan, Korea 3. Javanica: Intermediate between Indica and Japonica: Indonesia Dr. Mamata K, Dept. of GPB, CoA, Chamarajanagara 3
- 4. Origin of cultivatedrice The views regarding the origin of rice can be grouped in to two classes viz., a) Polyphyletic origin b) Monophyletic origin. Dr. Mamata K, Dept. of GPB, CoA, Chamarajanagara 4
- 5. • According topolyphyletic origin the present day rice varieties have originated from several species. • According to monophyletic origin a single species has given rise to all varieties of cultivated rice. viz., Oryza sativa, Oryza glaberrima • Most of the modern rice workers believe that origin of cultivated rice monophyletic. • From Oryza perennis rose the Asian rice in South East tropical Asia and African rice in the upper valley of Niger River in Africa. Dr. Mamata K, Dept. of GPB, CoA, Chamarajanagara 5
- 6. Species in thegenus Oryza: According to the latest view the genus oryza include 20 wild species. Out of these two are cultivated diploids viz. O.sativa and O.glaberrima and rest are wild species which include both diploid and tetraploid forms. Dr. Mamata K, Dept. of GPB, CoA, Chamarajanagara 6
- 7. Related species ofrice and their contributing characters in rice improvement. Dr. Mamata K, Dept. of GPB, CoA, Chamarajanagara 7
- 8. Wild Species: • Thereare twenty valid species in the genus oryza of these two are cultivated i.e. • Oryza sativa • Oryza glaberrima • In the remaining 18 species • Nine are diploid ones. • Six - tetraploid ones • Two - mixed diploid • One - chromosome number not reported. • Some of the wild species utilized in breeding programme are Oryza perennis - Co 31 GEB 24 x O. perennis Oryza nivara - IR 34 One of the parents is O. nivara resistant to grassy stunt disease. Dr. Mamata K, Dept. of GPB, CoA, Chamarajanagara 8
- 9. BREEDING OBJECTIVES Dr. MamataK, Dept. of GPB, CoA, Chamarajanagara 9
- 10. Grain yield ofrice is a complex character. It is influenced by many morphological traits and physiological process. These along with interaction of environment decide the yield potential. It is necessary to assemble in the rice variety a desirable combination of genes for those plant characteristics, that will enable the rice plant to give higher yields. To get higher yield we must have an ideal plant type. The ideal plant type is - Short stature. - Thick, Stiff culm - Compact panicle that hold the plant erect. - Short, narrow, erect leaves to effectively utilise solar radiation. - high tillering Non / low photo sensitivity - Nitrogen responsive - Flag leaf angle should not be more than 400 . 1. High yield potential : Dr. Mamata K, Dept. of GPB, CoA, Chamarajanagara 10
- 11. 2. Adaptability andstability of yield : • Wide adaptability across locations is desired since rice is grown over a large variety of agroclimatic zones which are varying. IRRI varieties are having wide adaptability. Characteristics associated with wider adaptability are - low sensitivity to temperature variations. - low sensitivity to changes in light intensity. - Resistant to wide spectrum of pests and diseases. Across seasons refers to the consistency with which a variety produces satisfactory yield in an area where biotic and abiotic conditions may vary every season of a year. Tolerance to local fluctuations in biotic and abiotic stress is important. Dr. Mamata K, Dept. of GPB, CoA, Chamarajanagara 11
- 12. 3. Early maturity: •This character is desired to have multiple cropping. It is also helpful to overcome terminal drought and to escape from pest and diseases. • In rice the optimum early maturity will be around 105 days. When the duration is reduced still further, the yield is also reduced correspondingly. • CR 666, Akashi, Co 41 are varieties having less than 100 days duration. Dr. Mamata K, Dept. of GPB, CoA, Chamarajanagara 12
- 13. 4. Resistant tolodging and shattering. This is also a complex character. Non lodging lines will have - Short stature - Thick strong culm - Short internode - Leaf sheath tightly encircling the culm. Grain shattering is also a complex character. Wild rice are having this character. So while using wild rice as parents this should not be linked with desirable trait which is to be transmitted. Dr. Mamata K, Dept. of GPB, CoA, Chamarajanagara 13
- 14. 5. Resistance tocold temperature : More suited to cumbum valley and Gudalur taluk of Nilgiris. Japonica rice varieties are more cold tolerant MDU 2 cold tolerant (Co 25 x IR 8) 6. Resistant to salinity and alkalinity : Parts of Trichy and Dharmapuri districts of Tamil Nadu face this problem. Old varieties : SR 26 B, Gettu, Dasal. Latest Co 43 (Dasal x IR 20), ADT 35, TRY 1, TRY 2 Dr. Mamata K, Dept. of GPB, CoA, Chamarajanagara 14
- 15. 7. Resistant toDiseases: • Blast, Helminthosporium, bacterial leaf blight, Tungro virus are some of the important diseases . ✓Blast resistant varieties : • IR 20, Medium duration • Co 37, short duration • Co 25, Long duration Grassy stunt : O. nivara. Blast and BLB : O. minuta tetraploid. resistant Co 45 - resistant to RTV, Blast and BLB. PY 3 - RTV, BLB Dr. Mamata K, Dept. of GPB, CoA, Chamarajanagara 15
- 16. 8. Resistant topests: Brown plant hopper, Stem borer, Rice gall midge are important pests. Stem borer donor : TKM 6 IR 20, (IR 262 x TKM 6) PY 3 - Bharathidasan - Resistant to BPH O.officinalis BPH Resistant Dr. Mamata K, Dept. of GPB, CoA, Chamarajanagara 16
- 17. 9. Improved grainquality a) Grain shape size and texture Rice cultivars can be classified based on the size, shape and texture of the grain. According to FAO the trade grades are Length : Extra long - over 7 mm length Long - 6 to 7 mm Medium - 5 to 5.99 mm Short - below 5mm. Shape : Based on Length / Breath ratio.(L/B ratio). Basmathi, Ponni, Slender - over 3 L/B IR 20 Medium - 2.0 to 3.0 L/B Co 37 Bold - 2.0 to 2.39 L/B Dr. Mamata K, Dept. of GPB, CoA, Chamarajanagara 17
- 18. Texture : Two maintypes are recognized 1. Hard starchy grain with (translucent) vitreous fracture 2. Soft dextrinous grain with opaque fracture. Known as glutinous rice. Hard starchy types are the major one consumed. They differ in their translucency, hardiness and presence or absence of abdominal white depending on starch content. They remain dry and flaky when cooked. Soft dextrinous grain become sticky and clot on cooking and usually used for special dishes (puttu rice). These types are preferred by people using chop sticks for eating. Dr. Mamata K, Dept. of GPB, CoA, Chamarajanagara 18
- 19. b) Aroma andCooking quality: • Some varieties give aroma when it is cooked. • Varieties like Basmati scented rice there will be elongation in the cooked rice also. The aroma is due to certain chemicals present in endosperm. An alkaloid PANDAMARILACTIONE is the cause of fragrance. This alkaloid is present in the leaves of Pandanus also. • E.g. Basmati 370 Zeeraga Samba ADT41 Kalabath Seetha bogam Dr. Mamata K, Dept. of GPB, CoA, Chamarajanagara 19
- 20. • The cookingquality vary with the variety and grain type. • Long grain varieties remain dry and flaky when cooked, • while medium and short grain varieties are sticky and chewy. Preference for a particular variety differs with use. • In evaluating rice varieties cooking tests are conducted for a) Amylose content, b) Water absorption properties c) Gelatinisation test. d) Grain elongation ratio e) Protein content f) Par boiling quality g) Milling out turn. Dr. Mamata K, Dept. of GPB, CoA, Chamarajanagara 20
- 21. c) Nutritive value: Protein in brown rice is about 8% while in polished rice it is about 7% Inheritance of protein content is complex. It depends on environment and nitrogen application. When protein content is increased there will be lowering of lysine content. d) Colour of kernel : The preference for particular kernel colour varies with region to region. In Kanyakumari and Kerala red rice is preferred. Depending on local needs the varieties are to be evolved. TKM 9 - Red rice, (TKM 7 x IR 8) Dr. Mamata K, Dept. of GPB, CoA, Chamarajanagara 21
- 22. e) Milling outturn The unhusked rice grain is known as Rough rice or paddy. The miller converts it to brown rice by scouring off the outer bran layer. The value of rough rice depends largely on its milling quality which is determined by head rice and total rice that is obtained from rough rice. Head rice : Whole grain and large broken pieces. Total rice : includes all rice recovered after milling. Dr. Mamata K, Dept. of GPB, CoA, Chamarajanagara 22
- 23. 10. Breeding foralternate source of dwarfing gene • All the present day cultivars are result of breeding with dwarfing gene Dee - Gee - Woo - Gen there is danger in using the same source. • If Dee - Gee - Woo - Gen becomes susceptible to a new pest or disease, the whole programme will collapse. • So it is necessary to seek alternate sources of dwarfing gene. Efforts are underway to identify alternate source through conventional and non - conventional breeding techniques. Dr. Mamata K, Dept. of GPB, CoA, Chamarajanagara 23
- 24. 11) Breeding varietiessuited for direct sown conditions. • This again a location specific problem. In cauvery delta region getting cauvery water becomes an uncertainty these days. To minimize water requirement direct sowing of rice is recommended. The varieties for direct seeding must be quick growing and suppress weed growth. 12) Varieties suited for dry land conditions • In certain parts of Ramnad and Chengalpet rice is grown as dryland crop. Local land races like kurivikalayan and puttu rice are grown. To suit these needs varieties are to be evolved. 13. Deep water paddy: • Areas in tail end parts of cauvery delta need deep water paddy. It is again a location specific problem TNR 1 and TNR 2.Dr. Mamata K, Dept. of GPB, CoA, Chamarajanagara 24
- 25. 14. Varieties suitedfor export The scented rice Basmati 370 is exported to Arab countries. The limitation in this programme is Basmati 370 grown in all areas cannot be exported. The importing countries prefer the Basmati Rice grown is valleys of Himalayan Range only. The rice grown in those area alone pass the chemical test. This must be due to effect of environment. Efforts are underway to identify export quality scented varieties grown in other parts of the country. 15. To breed varieties to control wild rice This again a location specific problem.. In states of Bihar, Maharastra, Madhya pradesh and Punjab the wild rice O. sativa var. fatua is often creating problems. So it is necessary to have marker genes in cultivated rice to isolate them from wild ones. Purple colour stem is a marker. 16. Breeding varieties to suit any other local problems. E.g. - to identify varieties to cultivate in areas of turmeric cultivation where a short duration 70 days rice variety can be fit in between two turmeric crops Satari - short duration ( 70 days). Dr. Mamata K, Dept. of GPB, CoA, Chamarajanagara 25
- 26. RICE VARIETIES RELEASEDUSING DIFFERENT BREEDING TECHNIQUES Dr. Mamata K, Dept. of GPB, CoA, Chamarajanagara 26
- 27. 1. Introduction : Allthe IRRI Rice varieties from IR 8 to IR 72. Other Examples are Basmati from Punjab, Ponni (mashuri) from Malaysia, CR 1009 (Ponmani) from Orissa. 2. Pure line selection : Co 9. Short duration Co 32. Thiruchengodu Samba - Medium duration Co 19. Chengalpattu Sirumani - Long duration Dr. Mamata K, Dept. of GPB, CoA, Chamarajanagara 27
- 28. 3. Hybridization andSelection : a) Pedigree method i) Inter varietal: Co 37 Vaigai TN 1 x Co 29 - Short duration. Co 41 CuL 2410 x IR 22 - Short duration Co 43 Dasal x IR 20 - Medium duration. Co 44 ASD 5 x IR 20 - Medium duration, suitable for late planting. Co 45 Rathu Heenathi x IR 3403 - 207 - 1 - Medium duration, Resistant to blast, BLB and RTV. Ponmani (CR 1009) Pankaj x Jagannath - Long duration. ii) Inter-racial Japonica x indica cross ADT 27 (Norin 10 x GEB 24) Ponni (Mashuri) (Taichung 65 x ME 80) iii) Inter specific crosses Co 31 (O.perennis x GEB 24) Drought resistance. IR 34 Complex cross, one of the parent is O.nivaraDr. Mamata K, Dept. of GPB, CoA, Chamarajanagara 28
- 29. 4. Mutation breeding: a) Spontaneous mutation • GEB 24 - From Athur Kichili Samba known as KONAMANI, fine grain and quality rice. • ADT 41 - Dwarf mutant of Basmati 370. b) Induced mutation : Jagannath rice from Orissa. Semi dwarf. Parbhani - from Maharastra Prabavathi - Satari - Short duration, gamma irradiated AU 1 - from Tamil Nadu. 5. Heterosis breeding CORH 1 IR 62829 A / IR 10198 - 66-2 R CORH 2 IR 58025 A / C 20 R ADT RH 1 IR 58025 A / IR 66 R Dr. Mamata K, Dept. of GPB, CoA, Chamarajanagara 29
- 30. Dr. Mamata K,Dept. of GPB, CoA, Chamarajanagara 30
- 31. Brief history ofhybrid rice ✓1926 - Heterosis in rice reported ✓1964 - China started hybrid rice research ✓1970 - China discovered a commercially usable genetic tool for hybrid rice (male sterility in a wild rice = Wide Abortive ) ✓1974 - First commercial three-line rice hybrid released in China ✓1976 - Large scale hybrid rice commercialization began in China ✓1979 - IRRI revived research on hybrid rice ✓1982 - Yield superiority of rice hybrids in the tropics confirmed (IRRI) ✓1990s - India and Vietnam started hybrid rice programs with IRRI ✓1991 - More than 50% of China’s rice land planted to hybrids ✓1994 - First commercial two-line rice hybrid released in China ✓1994 - 2010 - Commercial rice hybrids released in India, Philippines and Vietnam. Dr. Mamata K, Dept. of GPB, CoA, Chamarajanagara 31
- 32. What is HybridRice? The first generation offspring of a rice cross between two genetically diverse parents ➢Hybrid rice is the commercial rice crop grown from F1 seeds of cross between two genetically dissimilar parents. ➢To exploit the benefits of hybrid rice, farmers have to buy fresh seeds every cropping season. Dr. Mamata K, Dept. of GPB, CoA, Chamarajanagara 32
- 33. How Hybrid Rice? NormalRice Spikelet (self pollinated crop) Sterile Rice Spikelet (Male Sterility) Hybrid Seed Production (Male Sterile x Normal Rice) Dr. Mamata K, Dept. of GPB, CoA, Chamarajanagara 33
- 34. Why Hybrid Rice? ➢Heterosis(Hybrid vigor) application to Increase: ✓Productivity (20-30 % of yield advantage), and ✓Economic returns ➢Heterosis ✓A universal phenomenon that F1 generation shows superiority to both parents in agronomic traits or yield ✓It is present in all biological systems and has been exploited commercially in many agricultural crops. ➢Demand for rice is rapidly increasing with the increase in population, specially in under developed countries. ➢Hybrids have shown their ability to perform better under adverse conditions of drought and salinity. Dr. Mamata K, Dept. of GPB, CoA, Chamarajanagara 34
- 35. Challenges: • Rapidly increasingpopulation. • Food requirement is also expected to increase substantially. Food grain requirement during 2010 – 230 Million Tones Expected requirement during 2020 – 300 Million Tones • Declining land and water resources. • Only 3.0% rice area (13.20 lakh ha) covered with hybrid rice-Needs to be expanded. Hybrid Rice- for food security and to met challenges Dr. Mamata K, Dept. of GPB, CoA, Chamarajanagara 35
- 36. • Yield potential15-30% more than high yielding varieties gives higher return and investment. • Hybrids are more tolerant to adverse growing conditions e.g.. temporary drought stress, salinity and diseases. • Better root growth helps higher fertilizer use efficiency and therefore water & fertilizer saving is ensured. Hybrid rice for food security & sustainability Dr. Mamata K, Dept. of GPB, CoA, Chamarajanagara 36
- 37. How is hybridrice developed? Rice is strictly self-pollinated crop. Therefore, for developing commercial rice hybrids, use of a male sterility system is essential. Male sterility by genetic or non-genetic machanism makes the pollen unviable and such rice spikelets are incapable of setting seeds through selfing. Thus, a male sterile line can be used as female parent of a hybrid. The seed set on male sterile parents is the hybrid seed which is used for growing the commercial hybrid crop. Male sterility systems in rice The following genetic and non-genetic male sterility systems are known for developing rice hybrids: ➢ Cytoplasmic-genetic male sterility. ➢ Environmental-sensitive genetic male sterility. ➢ Chemical-induced male sterility. Dr. Mamata K, Dept. of GPB, CoA, Chamarajanagara 37
- 38. Hybrid Rice Technology “ASuccess Story in China” Hybrid Rice Prof. Yuan Long Ping (left), Father of Hybrid Rice Historical Development 1964: Research on hybrid rice started 1970: A wild rice with aborted pollen was identified 1974: First set of hybrids was developed 1976: Hybrid rice released to the farmers ~15 m ha (65%) area came under hybrid riceDr. Mamata K, Dept. of GPB, CoA, Chamarajanagara 38
- 39. Indian Council ofAgriculture Research (ICAR), initiated a goal oriented programme on hybrid rice research and development in December, 1989. The research network consists of 12 active research centers across the country each with a specific mandate. 35 rice hybrids have been released in the country so far. Out of these, 23 have been developed by the public sector and remaning are from private sectors Most widely cultivated rice hybrids are : PA 6444, PHB 71, PA 6201, KRH 2, Sahyadri, Suruchi 5401, Pant Sankar Dhan 1 and DRR 1. The first superfine grained aromatic hybrid Pusa RH 10 is becoming popular in basmati belt of north-western India. Narendra Usar Sankar Dhan-3 is the first hybrid released for saline- alkaline soils of Uttar Pradesh. DRR 2 and Pant Sankar Dhan-1 are the promising early hybrids. During 2005, hybrids were grown in the country in an estimated area of around 750000 ha. Hybrid rice technology Dr. Mamata K, Dept. of GPB, CoA, Chamarajanagara 39
- 40. Dr. Mamata K,Dept. of GPB, CoA, Chamarajanagara 40
- 41. Three-line method orCGMS system • This system now a days known as CMS system, involving three lines viz., ✓Cytoplasmic, genic male sterile line (A) ✓Maintainer line (B) ✓Restorer line (R) • Until 1985, more than 95% of the CMS lines used in the commercial indica rice hybrids, were of CMS-WA type which make the hybrid rice vulnerable to biotic and abiotic stresses. • And hence attempts to identify new sources of male sterile cytoplasm led to the identification of CMS system like GA (Gambiaca), Di (Disi), DA (Dwarf wild rice), BTC (Chinsurah Boro II) and IP (Ido Paddy 6). Dr. Mamata K, Dept. of GPB, CoA, Chamarajanagara 41
- 42. A line Rline male characters weresuppressed fertile small tall Dr. Mamata K, Dept. of GPB, CoA, Chamarajanagara 42
- 43. Mechanism of malesterility maintenance and hybrid seed production in three-line system Dr. Mamata K, Dept. of GPB, CoA, Chamarajanagara 43
- 44. b) Two-line methodof rice breeding Two-line hybrids can be evolved through - Mechanical means - Application of gametocides - Use of cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) - Use of genic male sterility (GMS) - Use of environmentally induced genic male sterility (EGMS) Dr. Mamata K, Dept. of GPB, CoA, Chamarajanagara 44
- 45. • In riceEGMS system is commonly used. • In EGMS systems two kinds of rice lines are made use of oPGMS (Photosensitive Genic Male Sterility) oTGMS (Thermosensitive Genic Male Sterility) • In this system male sterility is mainly controlled by one or two pairs of recessive nuclear genes and has no relation to cytoplasm. • Developing hybrid rice varieties with these system has the following advantages over the classical CMS system, as given below. oMaintainer lines are not needed. oThe choice of parents for developing heterotic hybrids is greatly broadened. oNo negative effect due to sterile cytoplasm oUnitary cytoplasm situation of WA will be avoided. Dr. Mamata K, Dept. of GPB, CoA, Chamarajanagara 45
- 46. Hybrid Rice SeedProduction • Hybrid rice seeds were produced using (cytoplasmic genic male sterility) three line system. • The two genes Rf1 and Rf2 are the genes for fertility restoration. • The process of hybrid rice production involves continuous supply of agronomically improved cytoplasmic male sterile line (A), maintainer line (B) and fertility restorer (R) line in system. • Maintainer and restorer lines are maintained by selfing, while CMS line and F1 seeds are produced with efforts to enhance cross pollination in field. Dr. Mamata K, Dept. of GPB, CoA, Chamarajanagara 46
- 47. Technique of hybridrice seed production 1. Choice of field : Fertile soil, protected irrigation and drainage system, sufficient sunshine. No serious disease and insect problem. 2. Isolation : To ensure purity of hybrid seed and avoid pollination by unwanted pollen isolation is a must. a) Space isolation : No other rice varieties should be grown except pollen parent with a range of 100m distance. b) Time isolation : a time of over 20 days is practiced (The heading stage of other variety over a 100m range should be 20 days earlier or later over the MS line). c) Barrier isolators : Topographic features like wood lot, tall crops to a distance of 30m/artificial obstacles of (plastic sheet) above 2m height. Dr. Mamata K, Dept. of GPB, CoA, Chamarajanagara 47
- 48. 3. Optimum timefor heading and flowering: Favorable climatic condition for normal flowering are (i) Mean temperature 24-28°C (ii) Relative humidity 70-80% (iii) Day and night temperature difference 8-10°C. (iv) Sufficient sunshine (v) Sufficient breeze. 4) Synchronization of flowering As the seed set on MS line depends on cross pollination it is most important to synchronize the heading date of the male and female parents. In addition, in order to extend the pollen supply time, the male parent is usually seeded twice or thrice at an interval of 5-7 days. Dr. Mamata K, Dept. of GPB, CoA, Chamarajanagara 48
- 49. 5) Row ratio,row direction and planting pattern Row ratio refers to the ratio of number of rows of the male parent to that of the female parent in the hybrid seed production field. The layout of row ratio depends on a) The growth duration of the R line b) Growth vigor of the R line c) Amount of pollen shed and d) Plant height of the R line. The principles include • R line should have enough pollen to provide • the row direction should be nearly perpendicular to the direction of winds prevailing at heading stage to facilitate cross pollination. • Practically, a row ratio of 2:8 is currently widely used in indica hybrid seed production. • Generally, the R line is transplanted with two to three seedlings per hill and separated by a spacing of 15cm from plant to plant, 30cm from one row of restorer to another and 20cm from CMS line. The MS line is transplanted with one to two seedlings per hill with a spacing of 15x15 cm Dr. Mamata K, Dept. of GPB, CoA, Chamarajanagara 49
- 50. • A goodpopulation structure to get more seed yield is given below : a) Seedling/hill b) Hills/sq.m c) effective tillers/sq.m • A line = 1-2 R line = 2-3 • A line = 30 R line = 5 • A line = 300 R line = 120 Dr. Mamata K, Dept. of GPB, CoA, Chamarajanagara 50
- 51. 6. Prediction andadjustment of heading date • Even if the seeding interval between both parents is accurately determined, the synchronization of their flowering might not still be attained because of variation in temperature and difference in field management. • Hence it is necessary to predict their heading date in order to take measures as early as possible to make necessary adjustments by examining the primordial initiation of panicle. • Adjustment of flowering date can be made by applying quick releasing nitrogen fertilizer on the earlier developing parent and • The later developing parent should be sprayed with 2% solution DAP. By this measure a difference of 4 to 5 days may be adjusted. Dr. Mamata K, Dept. of GPB, CoA, Chamarajanagara 51
- 52. 7. Rogueing To get98% purity of CMS lines and R lines, in addition to strict isolation, a thorough rogueing is also necessary. 8. Harvesting and processing - The male parent harvested first - Care should be taken to avoid admixture of male and female lines. - Female line should be threshed separately in a well cleaned threshing floor - Seed field dried in shade to 12% moisture content - Packed in suitable, cleaned gunny bags after grading Dr. Mamata K, Dept. of GPB, CoA, Chamarajanagara 52
- 53. ICAR initiated hybridrice breeding in India in 1989 in collaboration with IRRI, through National Network and first set of hybrids released in 1994. The research network consists of 12 active research centers across the country each with a specific mandate. UNDP/FAO supported the programme since 1991-2000. ICAR supported the programme under NATP until 2004. 35 rice hybrids have been released and many identified in the country so far. The rise in hybrid rice area has remained very slow; reaching less than a million ha. in about 12 years i.e. about the same duration during which China’s hybrid rice area surpassed 15 million ha. Rice improvement program in India continued to treat it an adhoc project mode. In India, only CMS based hybrid seed production is done. Hybrid rice breeding programme in India Dr. Mamata K, Dept. of GPB, CoA, Chamarajanagara 53
- 54. Rice hybrids releasedin India S No Name of hybrids/year of release Duration (days) Yield (t/ha) Yield adv. Over check (%) Release for the state of Hybrid Check 1 APRH-1 (1994) 130-135 7.14 5.27 (Chaitanya) 35.4 Andhra Pradesh 2 APRH-2 (1994) 120-125 7.52 5.21 (Chaitanya) 44.2 Andhra Pradesh 3 MGR-1 (1994) 110-115 6.08 5.23 (IR-50) 16.2 Tamilnadu 4 KRH-1 (1994) 120-125 6.02 4.58 (Mangala) 31.4 Karnataka 5 CNHR-3 (1995) 125-130 7.49 5.45 (Khitish) 37.4 West Bengal 6 DRRH-1 (1996) 125-130 7.30 5.50 (Tellahamsa) 32.7 Andhra Pradesh 7 KRH-2+ (1996) 130-135 7.40 6.10 (Jaya) 21.3 A.P., Karnataka, T.N., Tripura, Maharashtra, Haryana, Uttranchal and Rajasthan 8 Pant Sankar Dhan- 1 (1997) 115-120 6.80 6.20 (Pant Dhan-4) 9.70 Uttar Pradesh 9 CORH-2 (1998) 120-125 6.25 5.20 (ADT-39) 20.20 Tamil Nadu 10 ADTRH-1 (1998) 115-120 7.10 4.90 (ASD-18) 44.90 Tamil Nadu 11 Sahyadri-1 (1998) 125-130 6.64 4.89 (Jaya) 35.80 Maharashtra 12 Narendra Sankar Dhan-2 (1998) 125-130 6.15 4.94 (Sarjoo-52) 24.50 Uttar Pradesh 13 PHB-71 (1997)*+ 130-135 7.86 6.14 (PR-106) 28.00 Haryana, U.P. and T.N.Dr. Mamata K, Dept. of GPB, CoA, Chamarajanagara 54
- 55. 14 PA-6201 (2000)*+125-130 6.18 5.03 (Jaya) 22.90 Eastern States, A.P., Karnataka and T.N. 15 PA-6444 (2001)*+ 135-140 6.18 4.91 (Jaya) 24.40 U.P., Bihar, Tripura, Orissa, A.P., Karnataka and Maharashtra 16 Pusa RH-10 (2001)+ 120-125 4.35 3.11 (Pusa Bas.-1) 39.90 Haryana, Punjab, Delhi, Western U.P. 17 RH-204* (2003)+ 120-126 6.89 5.62 (Jaya) 22.60 South (A.P., Karnataka, T.N.), North West (Haryana, Uttaranchal and Rajasthan) 18 Suruchi-5401* (2004)+ 130-135 5.94 4.97 (Jaya) 19.50 Haryana, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Maharashtra 19 Pant Sankar Dhan- 3 (2004) 125-130 6.12 4.99 (Pant Dhan-12) 22.60 Uttaranchal 20 Narendra Usar Sankar Dhan-3 (2005) 130-135 5.15 3.86 (Narendra Usar Dhan- 2) 33.41 Saline and Alkaline areas of U.P. 21 DRRH-2 (2005)+ 112-116 5.35 4285 (PHD-1) 24.90 Haryana, Uttaranchal, West Bengal and T.N. 22 Rajlakshmi (CRHR-5) 130-135 5.71 4.47 (Tapaswini) 27.90 Irrigated areas of Orissa 23 Ajay (CRHR-7) 130-135 6.07 4.47 (Tapaswini) 35.90 Irrigated areas of Orissa 24 Sahyadri-2 115-118 6.50 5.2 25.00 Maharashtra 25 Sahyadri-3 123-126 7.50 6.4 17.00 Maharashtra 26 HKRH-1 135-139 9.41 8.17 (HKR-126) 15.20 Haryana 27 CORH-3 130-135 6.15 4.90 (ADT-39) 25.50 Tamil Nadu * Private hybrids; + Hybrids released by CVRCDr. Mamata K, Dept. of GPB, CoA, Chamarajanagara 55
- 56. 28 CORH-4 29 MPH-516 (1994) 30MPH-517 (1994) 31 MPH-518 (1994) 32 CORH-1 33 VRH-4 34 JKRH-2000 6.22 WB, Orissa and Bihar 35 Sahyadri-4 5.59 Punjab, Haryana, UP, WB, and Maharastra * Private hybrids; + Hybrids released by CVRC, * Hybrids released by sVRC Dr. Mamata K, Dept. of GPB, CoA, Chamarajanagara 56
- 57. Dr. Mamata K,Dept. of GPB, CoA, Chamarajanagara 57
- 58. Dr. Mamata K,Dept. of GPB, CoA, Chamarajanagara 58
- 59. Dr. Mamata K,Dept. of GPB, CoA, Chamarajanagara 59