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Brinjal seed production for gkvk 31 10-18
This document provides information on eggplant/brinjal seed and hybrid production techniques. It discusses the botanical varieties of eggplant, important germplasm sources, hybrids released nationally, isolation distances required, genetic variability, wild related species, floral biology, nursery management, transplanting, plant protection measures, hybridization techniques, seed extraction methods, and the economics of hybrid seed production. The optimal techniques aim to produce high quality F1 hybrid seeds with desirable traits like early maturity, uniformity, high yield, and stress resistance.
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Brinjal seed production for gkvk 31 10-18
- 1. Dr. T.H.Singh, PrincipalScientist Division of Vegetable Crops IIHR, Hessaraghatta Lake Post; Bangalore-560 089 Phone:080-28466420 extn 284; Mob;09449658713 Email:Singh .H [email protected] / [email protected] ADVANCES IN SEED & HYBRID PRODUCTION TECHNIQUES IN EGGPLANT
- 2. Introduction: • Brinjal orEgg plant or Aurburgin • Solanum melongena L. (2n = 24) • Origin – Asia or Indo-Burma region • Brinjal is one of the most important Solanaceous vegetable besides Tomato, Chilies and Capsicum. • It has varied consumer preference based on colour, size and shape • It is consumed as cooked, stuffed and fried vegetable Baingan ka bartha, Vangibath and Guttivankayee Kura. • It is rich in minerals, iron, calcium and vitamins (A & B) and good for pregnant women
- 3. Eggplant is aComplete food
- 4. Botanical varieties: • Roundor Egg shaped: S. melongena var. esculentum • Long or Slender shaped: S. melongena var. serpentinum • Dwarf plant type: S. melongena var. depressium
- 5. Different developmental stagesof brinjal Source: Agarwal and Munshi, 2008
- 6. GERMPLASM SOURCES International : •AVRDC, Taiwan • IBPGR, Italy • Central Institute of Agriculture, Puerto Rico • National Horticulture Research Institute, Nigeria National: • NBPGR, New Delhi • IIVR, Varanasi • IIHR, Bangalore • SAU’s (State Agricultural Universities)
- 7. Per cent Share CropHybrids Varieties Local Eggplant 17.80 50.00 32.20 Seed Association of India
- 8. Hybrids/varieties released atnational level Crop Variety Hybrid Production recommendations Brinjal 57 34 30
- 9. seed Requirement andAvailability of Solanaceaous Crops Vegetable Seed requirement (t) Seed availability (t) Replacement (%) Brinjal 239.64 151.87 63.40
- 10. High yielding F1hybrids of developed by Public sectors Institutions Eggplant Hybrid Days to first harvest after planting Av. yield (t/ha) IIHR Arka Navneet (Oblong fruit) 65-76 65-70 Arka Anand (Green long BW ) 55-65 60-65 IARI Pusa Hybrid-5 (Purple long) Pusa Hybrid-6 (Purple Round) Pusa Hybrid-9 (Purple Round) 50-55 55-60 55-60 55 45 50
- 11. Seed rate foropen pollinated varieties Crops Seed rate (g/ha) Tomato 400-500 Brinjal 400-500 (250-300g) Chilli 500-600 Capsicum 400-600 For Hybrids 100-120g
- 12. Isolation distance Crop Breedersseed (m) Foundation seed (m) Tomato 100 50 Brinjal 200 100 Chilli 500 300 Okra 500 200 Pea 100 50 Cucurbits 1500 800 Cole crops 3000 1600 Root crops 1600 1000 Onion 1600 1000 Spinach beet 1600 600 Methi 100 50
- 13. Variability in Brinjal Greenfruited type Purple fruited type Variability in fruit shape and colour
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- 17. Wild related Solanumspecies S. khasianum S. gilo S. integrifolium S. sisymbrifolium S. incanum
- 18. S. aethiopicum S. nigrum S.macrocarpon S.giloS. incanum S. sisymbriifolium S. mammosumS. xanthocarpum s.torvum Wild Relatives
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- 20. FLORAL BIOLOGY • Brinjalis a day-neutral plant • It is self-pollinated crop but cross-pollination also occur in it • 10-25% of cross pollination is reported • Cross-pollination is due to heteromophic flower structure • Anthesis and anther dehiscence normally go together at 16 hrs • Stigma receptivity ranges from a day prior to flower opening to 4 days after opening • Pollen is most fertile immediately after anther dehiscence
- 22. HETEROMORPHIC FLOWER STRUCTURE (Krishnamurthiand Subramaniam, 1954)
- 26. Inputs Required forraising good crop for seed production: • Soil : Clay loam • pH : 5.5-6.0 • Season : June-July, Oct-Nov, Jan- Feb Temp – 13 to 21°C • Seed rate : Varieties – 250-300g/ha Hybrids – 150-200g/ha • Fertilizers : Varieties – 120kg N, 80kg P, 50kg K Hybrids – 180kg N, 150kg P, 120kg K Inputs:
- 27. Nursery Management: • RaisedBeds :80cm width,15cm height,convenient length& Pro-Trays • FYM : 10kg/sq m • Fertilizer mixture : 100g/sq m (15:15:15) • Spacing : 10cm between rows • Seed depth : 0.5cm • Plant protection : Carbofuron (2.5g/sq m), Drenching (Captaf – 2.0g/l or COC– 4.0g/l) • Mulching : Straw/grass • Germination : 6-8 DAS • Drenching : Captaf – 2.0g/l or COC – 4.0g/l • Inter cultivation : Weeding & thinning • Hardening : 1 week before transplanting • Spary : Cymbush/Systemic insecticide(0.5ml/l) • Transplanting : 3-4 true leaves / 4-6 weeks
- 28. Transplanting: • Land preparation:Fine tilth • FYM : 25-30 t/ha • Fertilizers : Varieties – Entire FYM + P + K + 50% N t land preparation,50% N 30DAT Hybrids - Entire FYM + P + K + 25% N at land preparation, 25% N 30DAT, 25% N 45-60 DAT • Spacing : Varieties - 90 x 40cm (27,500 plants/ha) Hybrids – 100 x 50cm (20,000 plants/ha) • Transplanting : Ridges and furrows • Intercultivation : Earthing-up 30 & 45DAT, weeding
- 29. Raised Bed Plug/pro-tray
- 30. Plant Protection: DAT Chemical& dose Pest Season 10-30 Monocrotophos (1.5ml/l) Dicofol (2.0ml/l) Jassids Mites Summer, Kharif 35 Cypermethrin (1.0ml/l) Chlorothaloni (Kavach – 2.0g/l) or Captofol (2.0g/l) Shoot & fruit borer, root weevil Cercospora leaf spot Summer, Kharif Kharif 60-75 Carbaryl (4.0g/l) or Cypermethrin (1.0ml/l) Fruit borer Summer, Kharif & Rabi * Use sticker while spraying, alter the schedule depending on the incidence & severity
- 31. Need for Hybrids(Advantages) Early and high yield. Uniformity in fruit size, shape and colour. Improved in fruit quality and Shininess attributes(Traits). Possibility of multiple stress resistance( Disease & pest Resistance). Wide adoptability to varied climatic conditions. High economic returns.
- 32. Acceptable Size, Shapeand Colours
- 33. Hybridization kit: Forceps ScissorsPlastic container Electric Bulb Muslin cloth Fine brush Plastic ring with cavity Steps in Hybrid seed production •Hand Emasculation •Hand pollination •Seed extraction
- 34. Anthesis and Fertilization •Stamens dehisce at the same time stigma is receptive. At temperature of 20-220 C and 50-55 % RH, pollen viability is retained for 8-10 days. Anthesis starts from7.30 a.m. and continues up to 11 am. • Pollen dehiscence starts from 9.30 a.m. to 10.00 am
- 35. Hybrid Seed ProductionTechniques: Raising of Male and female parental lines 1. Raise male parent 7 to 10 days prior to female parents 2. Ratio of female: male = 3-4:1. 3. Rouging in female and male parents. i) Seedling stage : Pigmented and Non pigmented. ii) Before flower Plant habit : tall, erect, spreading, bushy Stem characteristics: Pigmentation on stem spiny and non spiny iii) Early flowering and fruit developing stage General plant habit Flower : Flowering habit and colour Calyx: Colour, size and spininess Fruit : Colour, shape and fruit habit vi) Fruiting stage: Fruit colour and shininess. Fruit shape and size. Calyx colour, size and spininess
- 36. Important steps involvedin hybrid seed production are: • I) Production of parental lines: • Sowing: Sow male and female parental lines separately, adjust the sowing period to coincide flowering sow male parent two weeks prior to female to ensure sufficient supply of pollen. • Planting: Plant male and female lines separately (100mt). Maintain female to male ratio at 3-4:1 • II) Hybridization • i) Emasculation: Remove the anthers with the help of forceps or needle. Emasculate the flower buds which are expected to open next day.
- 37. III Cross pollination: a)Collection of pollen: Collect the flower buds expected to open next day from male parent. Collect the flower buds in the previous evening and store in polythene covers. Next day morning separate the pollen from anthers and collect in a container. b) Pollination: Transfer the pollen collected from male line to the stigmatic surface of emasculated flower of female line. Dust the pollen and dip the stigmatic surface into the container having pollen. Attempt bud pollination between 7.30 to 10.30 am.
- 38. iv) Seed collection,extraction and drying: Harvest only the fruits which are completely ripe. Extract the seeds by cutting or crushing the fruits. Dry the seeds under shade, then in oven at 30o C. v) Rouging stages and main characters to be considered: Rouging can be followed right from nursery stages. Rouging can be followed at 3 important stages. i) Before flowering: Plant habit: tall, erect, spreading, bushy. Stem characters: Pigmentation on stem, spiny or non-spiny. Leaf characters: Size, shape, spininess, pigmentation. ii) Early flowering and fruit fruit developing: General plant habit Flower :- flowering habit, colour Calyx :- Colour, size and spininess Fruit:- Colour, shape, fruit habit iii) Fruiting: Fruit colour and shininess. Fruit shape and size.Calyx colour, size and spininess
- 39. Seed yield: An averageyield of 200 kg of F1 seeds can be obtained per hectare. Good seed yield about 300-350kg/ha 1 kg fruits yield about 3-5g seeds 10g seed yield/plant (2 kg fruits) upto 15-25g/pt 1000 seeds weigh 3-4 g.
- 41. Economics of HybridSeed Production in Brinjal ( per ha.) Item (Amt. in Rs.) 1. CROP RAISING 30,000 2. HYBRIDIZATION 40,000 3. HARVESTING AND SEED EXTRACTION 10,000 ______________________________________________________________________ Total cost 80,000 ______________________________________________________________________ SEED YIELD 200Kg GROSS RETURNS 2,00,000* NET RETURNS 1,20,000 * Hybrid seed procurement price @ Rs 1000/ kg
- 42. Seed extraction methods Thereare two basic methods used for the extraction of eggplant seed. 1. Wet extraction process:- There is a general tendency to favour to the wet extraction especially in large-scale seed production 2. Dry extraction process:- The dry process is still favoured where relatively small amount of seeds are produced
- 43. Fruits selected forseed extraction Extraction method
- 44. Wet extraction • Forthe primary extraction of eggplant seeds, the fruits are cut and crushed, and the seed separated from the fruit pulp and debris. • It is necessary to add extra water during and after crushing in order to improve the separation. Usually the fruits are crushed, and the seeds are extracted by washing and sieving. • Extraction should be started in the morning hours so that the seed is at least half dried till evening or else there is danger of its germination in the process.
- 45. • Normally theseeds are scooped out manually from the cut or crushed fruits. • • An axial-flow vegetable extracting machine (Verma and Singh, 1988) can also be used for extracting the seeds from Brinjal fruits. Mechanical extraction method is cheap, quicker and had no adverse effect on seed quality.
- 46. Chemical method • Theseeds extracted by this machine may again be treated with concentrated HCl @ 2-3 ml/kg seed with equal volume of water for 3-5 minutes with constant stirring and then seed should be washed with water for three to four times. Brinjal seed extractor
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- 48. Drying and storage •The over-ripe fruits are dried in the sun until they shrivel. In the purple and purple-black cultivars the drying out is accompanied by fading of the skin colour to a coppery brown colour. • The fruit are then hand beaten and dried seeds hand extracted. • This method is time consuming and laborious, but is used in some countries for production of relatively small seed-lots when ripe fruits are accumulated over several weeks and hand labour is available for the final extraction.
- 49. • After thoroughwashing, the seeds are dried immediately either in thin layers on screen-bottom trays to the sun and wind or by one of the artificial methods. • The seeds are also spread on the threshing floor or tarpaulin in thin layer for drying. • The dried seed having minimum moisture content should be properly processed, grade, packed and then stored in a cool a dry place.
- 50. Hybrid seed productionin brinjal Seed village concept Hybrid seed Production in farmer’s filed Seed village concept
- 51. Hybrids released underAICRP (VC) Hybrids produced by NSC/KSSC 1.Arka Navneet 2.Arka Anand Arka Navneet 3.Kat-4 Pusa Hybrid-5 4.Pusa Hybrid-6 Pusa Hybrid-6 5.Pusa Hybrid-5 Pusa Hybrid-9 6. Pusa hybrid-2 7. PBH-6 8.ARBH-201 9.NDBH-1 10.ABN-1 11.MHB-10 12.MHB-39 13.ABH-2 14.NDBH-6 15. Phule Hybrid-251 16.ARBH-6 17.JBH-1
- 52. Commercially Popular Hybrids Nameof hybrid Company Fruit Type Kalpataru Mahyco Manjari gota MEBH- 9 Mahyco Green long MEBH-39) Mahyco Ravaiyya Mohini Nunhems Manjarigota Super mohini Nunhems Manjarigota Ravaiyya Nunhems Ravaiyya Suphal Indam Purple oblong NS509 Namdari Manjarigota Apsars Namdari Manjarigota NS1720 Namdari Bright purple Nisha Namdari Deep purple
- 53. Commercially Popular Hybrids Nameof hybrid Company Fruit Type Rangeela Golden Seeds Manjarigota GS101 Golden Seeds Manjarigota Manjari Seminis Seeds Manjarigota Manju Syngenta Seeds Manjarigota Sunder Namdari Seeds Deep purple
- 54. Promising germplasm linesat IIHR IIHR-559 Polur Local Type Green Round with stripes
- 55. IIHR-586 Bottle Brinjaltype Purple Oblong type/bottle Brinjal Promising germplasm lines at IIHR
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- 57. Punjab Neelam Punjab MotiPunjabBarsat Punjab Sadabahar BHL-2BHL-1
- 58. Pant Samrat Azad KrantiArka Nidhi Kashi Sandesh Kalpataru
- 59. Brinjal - ArkaNavneeth Brinjal - Arka Nidhi •Tall & compact plants •Bearing medium long fruits in clusters, •Blue black flossy fruit skin with green purple calyx. •Dark green leaves with purple leaf base and purple veins, when young. •Deep purple green stem. •Fruits tender with slow seed maturity with no bitter principles. •Resistant to bacterial wilt. •Duration 150 days. • Green angular leaves • Large oval fruits wth deep purple shiny skin • Calyx- green, thick & fleshy • Avg. fruit weight: 450g • Duration: 150-160 days • Yield: 65-70 t/ha
- 60. Brinjal - ArkaNeelkanth Brinjal - Arka Keshav •Tall & branched plants bearing long fruits in clusters. •Red purple glossy fruit skin with green calyx •Green leaves with purple leaf base and purple veins when young. •Light purple green stem. •Fruits tender with slow seed maturity with no bitter principles. •Resistant to bacterial wilt. •Duration 150 days. Yield(t/ha): 45.0 •Tall & compact plants •Bearing small fruits in clusters. •Violet blue glossy fruit skin with green pu calyx. •Dark green leaves with purple leaf base a purple veins when young. •Purple green stem •Fruits tender with slow seed maturity wit bitter principles. •Resistant to bacterial wilt. •Duration 150 days. •Yield: 43.0 t/ha
- 61. Brinjal - ArkaShirish •· Tall plants, green leaves with white flowe •· Fruits green, extra long. •· Solitary bearing habit. •· Duration 140-150 days. •· Yield: 39.0 t/ha Medium Tall plants with Spreading plant habit with green stem & green leaves. Flowers white, green small fruits borne in cluster. Soft texture with good cooking quality. Crop Duration 140-150 days. Average yield is 40 t/ha. Brinjal- Arka Kusumakar
- 62. BWR Hybrid •Plant Tall&Spreading •Fruits are dark green •Fruit Length 22-25cm •Fruit Diameter 3.0-3.5cm •Average fruit Wt 60-70g •Resistant to BW • Yield t/ha 65-70t/ha Arka Anand
- 63. ARKA HARSHITHA -4) -Mediumtall and spreading plants -Dark green stem with dark green foliage - Fruits are Dark green - Flowers are white in colour & born in cluster - Less seed content and Slow seed maturity -Lees browning -Good keeping and cooking quality. -Excellent for preparing vaingi bath -Yield about 38-40t/ha - Resistant to bacterial wilt ARKA AVINASH • The plants are tall and spreading • Dark green foliage • Fruits green long fruits with fleshy green calyx, • Smooth texture and Less browning • Flowers are white in colour & born in cluster • Contains less seeds and Slow seed maturity • Good keeping and cooking quality • Yield about 40-44t/ha and BWR ARKA UNNATHI • Plants are tall & erect habit & vigorous growth, • Fruit are dark green with fleshy green calyx. • Flowers are Purple in colour • Fruits are born in cluster • Yield about 36-38t/ha • Resistant to bacterial wilt Bacterial wilt resistant Varieties
- 64. Hybrid in PipeLine
- 65. Advanced breeding linesResistant BW IIHR-3 IIHR-5 IIHR-7
- 66. Manjarigota F1Hybrid inPipe Line •Fruits purple with white striped •Bears in cluster •Yield 50-55t/ha
- 67. Manjari gota F1hybrid
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