Brussels sprout Diseases A lecture on ToT training of FFS By Mr Allah Dad Khan Provincial Coordinator IPM KPK MINFAL Islamabad

Brussels sprout Diseases A lecture on ToT training of FFS By Mr Allah Dad Khan Provincial Coordinator IPM KPK MINFAL Islamabad

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  Brussels Sprout Diseases A LectureTo ToT trainees ( FFS) By Mr. Allah Dad Khan Provincial Coordinator IPM KPK MINFAL Pakistan
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  Black rot Xanthomonascampestris  Irregularly shaped dull yellow areas along leaf margins which expand to leaf midrib and create a characterstic "V-shaped" lesion; lesions may coalesce along the leaf margin to give plant a scorched appearance  Cause  Bacteria  Comments  Pathogen is spread via infected seed or by splashing water and insect movement; disease emergence favored by warm and humid conditions Symptoms
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  Black leg Phomalingam   Damping-off of seedlings; round or irregularly shaped gray necrotic lesions on leaves with dark margins; lesions may be covered in pink masses in favorable weather conditions  Cause  Fungus  Comments  Favors warm, wet conditions; higher temperatures result in the development of more visible symptoms  Management  Use disease free seed or treat with hot water to remove fungus prior to planting; remove and destroy crop debris after harvest or plow deeply into soil Symptoms
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  Wirestem (Damping-off) Rhizoctoniasolani  Death of seedlings after germination; brown-red or black rot girdling stem; seedling may remain upright but stem is constricted and twisted (wirestem)  Cause  Fungus  Comments  Disease emergence in seedlings favored by cool temperatures  Management  Plant pathogen-free seed or transplants that have been produced in sterilized soil; apply fungicide to seed to kill off any fungi; shallow plant seeds or delay planting until soil warms Symptoms Constricted stem of broccoli seedling caused by damping-off
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  Alternaria leaf spotAlternaria brassicae  Small dark spots on leaves which turn brown to gray; lesions may be round or angular and may possess a purple-black margin; lesions may form concentric rings, become brittle and crack in center; dark brown elongated lesions may develop on stems and petioles  Cause  Fungus Symptoms
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  Downy mildew Hyaloperonospora parasitica Small angular lesions on upper surface of leaves which enlarge into orange or yellow necrotic patches; white fluffy growth on undersides of leaves  Cause  Fungus Symptoms
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  Ring spot Mycosphaerellabrassicicola  Small, purple spots surrounded by a ring of water-soaked tissue on leaves which mature to brown spots with olive green borders 1-2 cm across; spots may develop numerous fruiting bodies which give them a black appearance or develop a concentric pattern; heavily infected leaves may dry up and curl inwards  Cause  Fungus Symptoms
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  Clubroot Plasmodiophora brassicae Slow growing, stunted plants; yellowish leaves which wilt during day and rejuvenate in part at night; swollen, distorted roots; extensive gall formation  Cause  Fungus  Comments  Can be difficult to distinguish from nematode damage; fungus can survive in soil for periods in excess of 10 years; can be spread by movement of contaminated soil and irrigation water to uninfected areas Symptoms
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  Sclerotinia stem rot(White mold) Sclerotinia sclerotiorum  Irregular, necrotic gray lesions on leaves; white-gray leions on stems; reduced pod set; shattering seed pods  Cause  Fungus Symptoms
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  White rust Albugocandida  White pustules on cotyledons, leaves, stems and/or flowers which coalesce to form large areas of infection; leaves may roll and thicken  Cause  Fungus  Comments  Fungus can survive for long periods of time in dry conditions; disease spread by wind  Management  Rotate crops; plant only disease-free seed; apply appropriate fungicide if disease becomes a problem Symptoms
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  Bacterial soft rotErwinia caratovora  Symptoms  Water-soaked lesions on leaves and flower heads which expand to form a large rotted mass; surface of lesions usually crack and exude slimy liquid which turns tan, dark brown or black on exposure to air  Cause  Bacterium
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  Anthracnose Colletotrichum higginsianum Symptoms  Small circular or irregularly shaped dry spots which are gray to straw in color on leaves; a high number of spots may cause the leaf to die; lesions may coalesce to form large necrotic patches causing leaves to turn yellow and wilt; lesions may split or crack in dry centers  Cause  Fungus
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  Powdery mildew Erysiphecruciferarum  Small white patches on upper and lower leaf surfaces which may also show purple blotching; patches coalesce to form a dense powdery layer which coats the leaves; leaves become chlorotic and drop from plant  Cause  Fungus  Comments  Disease emergence favored by dry season, moderate temperatures, low humidity and low levels of rainfall  Management  Plant resistant varieties; rotate crops; remove all crop debris after harvest; remove weeds; avoid excessive application of nitrogen fertilizer which encourages powdery mildew growth; powdery mildew can be controled by application of sulfur sprays, dusts or vapors Symptoms
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  Watery soft rot(White rot, Cabbage drop) Sclerotinia sclerotiorum  Soft rotting area at base of stem which spreads upwards successively killing leaves by causing them to drop and infect the leaf below; when fungus reaches the head it causes a soft, slimy, watery rot  Cause  Fungus Symptoms
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  Root knot nematodeMeloidogyne spp.  Galls on roots which can be up to 3.3 cm (1 in) in diameter but are usually smaller; reduction in plant vigor; yellowing plants which wilt in hot weather  Cause  Nematode Symptoms