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Cabbage 140728102854-phpapp01
- 2. INTRODUCTION • Origin-South andWestern part of Europe • Native to Europe, growing along the cost of the North sea • Annual world production -21million tones of fresh heads from 1.1 million hectares • Cultivate in large extent in Sri Lanka mainly in the up- country as a year round crop • In the low country it is only during Maha season • Important economical and rotational crop in the major vegetable growing areas.
- 3. ABOUT THE PLANT •Roots- adventitious root system • Stem- unbranched stem • Leaves- arises as the growing point - The outer leaves are green in colour and the inner ones are white - As the plant grows, the leaves increase in number, forming a ball-shaped “head” • Bud- formed by overlapping of numerous leaves developing over the growing point of its shortened stem
- 4. VARITIES • Green Coronet-Firm,Light green, oval shape, up country • Exotic F1-Medium firm, flattened round, Low country and mid country • Hercules-Uniform blue green, very firm, semi globe, up country • Gloria-Firm, flattened globe, up country
- 5. CLIMATIC REQUIREMENTS Temperature • Growbest in a relatively cool and humid climate • In drier atmospheres -Leaves are petioled and impaired quality of the head -Poor yield -Difficult to control pest • Optimum temperatures for growth and development - 18 °C to 20 °C
- 6. Rainfall • Water requirementsvary from 380 to 500 mm per crop • Depend on climate and length of growing season. • Crop water use increases during the growing end period of the season Soil requirement • Can be grown on a wide range of soils • Grow well on well-drained -moisture-retentive loamy soils -well supplied with organic matter. • Not grow well on highly acidic soil.
- 7. pH ranges • Ranges5.5 to 6.5 • Should not be allowed to fall below 4,5 • If pH above 6,5 - leaves become dark but leaf margins die back
- 8. CULTIVATION PRACTICES Propagation-propagated fromseeds Soil preparation- • Clean the land before 8 weeks planting • Ground must be ploughed deeply (can use disk harrow ) • Soil should be fumigated two weeks before planting time if necessary, to control nematodes.
- 9. PLANTING • Can beplanted -Direct-seeding -Transplanting of seedlings Nursery management • 3 m x 1 m size raised bed (about 12 - 15cm raised) is recommended. • The area should be; - Opened for sun shine, - That should not be cultivated Brassicacie family crops early. - Soil should not be an acid
- 10. • Apply paddyhusk and straw layers on the surface of the bed • Fire from the opposite of the wind direction to sterilize the bed • Apply 3 - 4 Kg of organic manure • Put seeds about 1 cm deep on the lines that maintain 10 cm space with the lines • Desired size and only well-hardened, young, stocky plants should be used to transplant
- 11. • Transplanting isdone on moist soil. • In wet areas use raised beds or ridges • It reduce water-logging and stem or root rot diseases • Apply fungicide to control damping off and anthracnose. • Water to the bed and mulch it by using paddy straw. • Cover the beds by using polyethylene
- 12. • It shouldnot be transparent to avoid sun rays and rain • Plant population and spacing influence head size, head shape and yield • Plant populations vary according to the target market for a particular crop
- 13. FERTILIZATION • Requires supplementalfertilization in the form of -manure or compost -N -P -K • 1 st application –add together with P and K • 2 nd application-3 weeks after transplanting
- 14. IRRIGATION • Should beirrigated after sowing or transplanting. • Irrigation intervals -10 to 12 days in heavy soils or 8 days in light soils • Should receive enough water for vegetative growth before forming heads in young plants • Excess moisture -cause plant to damage leaves
- 15. WEED CONTROL • Controlledby -mechanically -by hand as well -chemically ( application of registered herbicides)
- 16. PEST CONTROL 1.Aphids Types -Grey cabbageaphid (Brevicoryne brassicae) -Green peach aphid (Myzus persicae) Damage -Suck sap from the plant and contaminate the edible product -Causes a chlorosis -Make malformation of the leaf.
- 17. 2.Diamond-black moth (Plutellaxylostella) Damage- Suck sap from tender growth, resulting in a whitish, scarred appearance 3.Bagrada bug (Bagrada hilarus) Damage -Suck sap from tender growth, resulting in a whitish, scarred appearance 4.American bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera) Damage-Larvae feed on the leave -Destroy the growing points of the plants
- 18. 5.Cabbage webworm (Helulaspp.) Damage - Larvae spin a thin web over their feeding places - Destroy the growing point of the plants 6.Greater cabbage moth (Crocidolomia binotalis) Damage -Larvae spin a thin web over their feeding place -Destroy the growing point of the plants.
- 19. 7.Red spider mite-Redspider mites Damage -Suck, resulting in a bronzing and yellowing 8.Cutworm (Agrotis spp.) Damage -Cut off the stems of young seedlings close to ground level
- 21. 9.Plusia looper (Plusiaspp.) Damage -Plusia looper feeds on the leaves and causes damage by cutting the foliage 10.Thrips Damage -Contaminate the edible product, thus affecting its appearance or quality 11.Nematodes Damage - Cause unthrifty and may become stunted
- 22. GENERAL CONTROL MEASURES •Can be practice -Crop rotation -Use resistant cultivars -Use registered chemicals (information can be gained from DOA)
- 23. DISEASE CONTROL 1.Damping off(Altenaria spp., Rhizoctonia solani, Pythium spp.) Symptoms Wilt infected seedlings , turn purple and die, and often have no lateral roots. Control - Using treated seed - Sterilizing the seedbed before planting - Removing infected plants when symptoms appear
- 24. 2.Sclerotonia rot orwhite mould (sclerotinia sclerotiorum) -favored cool, wet conditions Symptoms Above-ground parts of infected plants may be covered with a white cottony growth Control -By crop rotation -Planting on ridges or raised beds - Removal and destruction of infected crop residues - Good water management aimed at keeping the soil dry
- 25. 3.Clubroot (Plasmodiophora brassicae) -Soil-borne disease -Most severe on acid soils or moderate pH soils that are poorly drained Symptoms Stunting, wilting and purpling of leaves Control - By practicing sanitation - Practicing crop rotation - Grow transplants in fumigated beds - Lime the soil
- 26. 3.Fusarium wilt orcabbage yellows (Fusarium oxysporum f.conglutinans) Symptoms -Yellow foliage, often mainly on one side of the plant -Leaves become distorted and gradually turn brown and drop prematurely -Discolor vascular area
- 27. Control - By plantingresistant cultivars - Growing cabbage in winter - Planting on soils free of disease - Soil fumigation before planting - Practicing crop rotation - Practicing sanitation
- 28. 4.Black leg (Phomalingam) -Seed-borne disease Symptoms White to light brown lesions with a purple to black margin develop on the stem and on leaves Control - Use containerized seedlings. - Do fungicide treatment of seedbed. - Seedbeds should be situated far from old production fields. - Seedbed should be destroyed if leaf lesions are found
- 29. 5.Bacterial leaf spot(Pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola) -Severe in cool, moist weather Symptoms -Small, faint, water-soaked areas on the underside of leaves -Affected areas develop into brownish to purplish grey necrotic spots, fairly irregular after a few days Control - Do chemical control. - Plant tolerant or resistant cultivars. - Use disease-free seed or seed treated with hot water
- 30. HARVESTING MATURITY • Cropis harvested when the heads attain their full size • A fully developed head has a lighter shade of green
- 31. HARVESTING METHODS • Harvestedby hand with a knife
- 32. POST HARVEST HANDLING •Harvested parts -removed from direct sunlight and transported to the packing shed as soon as possible • Sorting and grading -The injured leaves should be removed. • Packing - packed in plastic buckets and wrap with polythene
- 33. Storage • Store underlow temperature • Relative humidity -90 % to 95 % • Remove the discolored butt upon removal from storage.
- 34. Transport • Use truck •Trucks should not overloaded on the bottom layers of produce are crushed
- 35. USES • The wholeplant can be consumed cooked or raw as a salad • Medicinal value -Preventing bladder, stomach, and lung cancer -Prevent stomach pain. -Prevent stomach and intestinal ulcers. -Reduce excess stomach acid.
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- 38. GROUP MEMBERS • S.RISHIBAMATHANAUWU/EAG/11/0026 • D.G.N.R.KARUNARATHNA UWU/EAG/11/0013
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