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Caffeine
Caffeine is one of the most widely consumed psychoactive substances. It is found naturally in coffee, tea, chocolate, and some medications. Caffeine is readily absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract and stimulates the central nervous system by blocking adenosine receptors. At normal doses, caffeine can improve alertness and mood but higher doses may cause anxiety, tremors, and insomnia. Caffeine is also used to help relieve pain when combined with analgesics and to treat asthma and bronchodilation.
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Overview of common psychostimulants, focusing on caffeine and nicotine, discussing their sources, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and side effects.
Discusses caffeine as a widely used drug, its sources from plants, and its historical context, highlighting Coffea arabica and Coffea robusta.
Explains caffeine absorption and elimination; complete absorption occurs in 30-60 minutes with varying half-lives based on factors like pregnancy and smoking.
Details pharmacodynamic effects of caffeine at normal and high doses, including alertness, coordination issues, and heavy dosing side effects.
Lists over-the-counter medications containing caffeine, its synergistic effects with analgesics, and its role in asthma treatment and cold preparations.
Describes cardiovascular effects of caffeine, including stimulation of catecholamines, blood pressure elevation, and potential heart arrhythmias.
Discusses pharmacodynamic mechanisms, caffeine's action on adenosine receptors, and its impact on neurotransmitters influencing behavior.
Introduces caffeine-induced disorders, tolerance, dependence, and psychiatric effects linked to high-dose caffeine consumption.
Presents conflicting data on caffeine's effects on reproduction, such as growth implications in utero and risks prior to conception.
Visual representation of caffeine content in various beverages, emphasizing standard servings sizes and general consumption advice.
Examines Coca-Cola's acidic properties, its ability to dissolve materials, and safety measures for transporting its concentrate.
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Caffeine
- 1. Common Psychostimulants: Caffeineand Nicotine Sources Pharmacokinetics Pharmacodynamics Side effects
- 2. Pharmacology Xanthine derivativesor methylxanthines Caffeine Theophylline Divine Leaf
- 3. Caffeine Most populardrug in the world “ Caffeine is useless since it serveth neither Nourishment nor Debauchery.” --Anonymous, 1650 Plants of 28 genera in 17 families Most common sources are coffee, tea, chocolate, and kola Coffea arabica and Coffea robusta
- 4. Pharmacokinetics Oral administration Beverages: Coffee, tea, cocoa, chocolate milk, cola (fortified) Chocolate Complete absorption from GIT in 30-60 minutes Elimination half-life ranges from 3 to 10 hrs Accumulation Dosing Longer late in pregnancy, in utero , elderly Concentrated in breast milk Shorter in smokers
- 5. Pharmacodynamics: Effects Cortexat normal doses (100-200 mg): Rewarding effect: Feel competent Alertness, sustained attention, faster thought Reduced fatigue, lower need for sleep Fine motor coordination, timing accuracy, and arithmetic may be impaired Heavy dosing (1.5 grams a day) may produce agitation, anxiety, tremors, panting, and insomnia
- 6. Medicinal Effects OTC Stimulants No-Doz 100mg/tab Vivarin 200mg/tab Analgesics Caffeine synergizes ASA Anacin 32 mg/tab Excedrin 64.8 mg/tab Diuretics and cold preparations Asthma products Bronchodilation
- 7. Cardiac Effects IndirectStimulation of Catecholamines Epinephrine Elevated BP, HR Spinal cord stimulated at toxic doses (2 - 5 grams); cardiac arrhythmias at 10 - 20 grams Dilates coronary arteries; constricts cerebral arteries
- 8. Pharmacodynamic Mechanisms Caffeineand Theophylline Block GABA receptors Stimulate calcium release with in the cells Blockade of adenosine receptors results in caffeine induced behavioral stimulation A normal dose blockades 50% of receptors Adenosine– neuromodulator Adenosine is linked to sleep inducing effects Adenosine, and thus caffeine, act on NE, DA, ACh , glutamate, and GABA
- 9. Caffeinism Caffeine-induced disordersfrom DSM-IV Tolerance and Dependence Withdrawal effects due to increased adenosine receptor density and thus increased adenosine sensitivity High doses >1000mg/day Psychiatric effects
- 10. Conflicting data onreproductive effects May slow growth in utero , especially high dose Caffeine may be harmful prior to conception May increase the risk of spontaneous abortion
- 11. How much caffeine?5oz 5oz 5oz 1oz 1oz 12oz Tab- Anal- Diur- Coffee Tea Cocoa Choc. C.Milk Cola lets gesics etics
- 12. The REAL Thing– Coca-Cola Active ingredient is phosphoric acid. pH of 2.8 Dissolves a nail in 4 days. Dissolves a tooth in 24-48 hours. Trucks carrying Coca Cola syrup (the concentrate) must use Hazardous Material placards. The distributor of Coke use it to clean the engines of their trucks.