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Canal Irrigation
Canal systems were built centuries ago in Scotland to connect waterways over geographical obstacles. One canal, connecting Falkirk and Edinburgh, had 11 locks to span an elevation difference of 79 feet. In the 1960s, construction began on an innovative solution - a boat lift or water carousel. Completed in 2002, this unique rotating boat transporter saves both time and energy compared to traditional locks. The giant arms can rotate 180 degrees in just 15 minutes, moving boats between the upper and lower canals.
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Canal Irrigation
- 1. Presented By:- PRANAMESH CHAKRABORTY SUBHENDU PATRA
- 2. An artificial channelfilled with water and designed for navigation, or for irrigating land,etc. An artificial watercourse or extensively modified natural channel used for inland water transport and/or the control and diversion of water for drainage or irrigation
- 3. A canal boattraverses the longest and highest aqueduct in the UK,
- 4. (BASED ON USE) . There are two types of canal: Aqueducts: water supply canals that are used for the conveyance and delivery of potable water for human consumption, municipal uses, and agriculture irrigation. Waterways: navigable transportation canals used for carrying ships and boats shipping goods and conveying people.
- 5. (BASED ON DISCHARGE) MAINCANAL BRANCH CANAL MAJOR DISTRIBUTARY MINOR DISTRIBUTARY WATER COURSE OR FIELD CHANNEL
- 6. Main Canal takesoff directly from the upstream side of weir head works or dam. Usually no direct cultivation is proposed
- 7. The Danube-Black SeaCanal in Romania
- 8. The Alter Strom,in the sea resort of Germany
- 9. All offtakes frommain canal with head discharge of 14-15 cumecs and above are termed as branch canals. Acts as feeder channel for major distributaries
- 10. A BRANCH CANALIN MADRAS
- 11. All offtakes frommain canal or branch canal with head discharge from 0.028 to 15 cumecs are termed as major distributaries. All offtakes taking off from a major distributary carrying discharge less than 0.25 cumec are termed as minor distributaries Small channels which carry water from the outlets of a major or minor distributary or a branch canal to the fields to be irrigated.
- 13. (Based on Liningbeing Provided or not) 1. Unlined canals 2. Lined canals
- 14. An unlined canalis the one which has its bed and banks made up of natural soil through which it is constructed and not provided with a lining of impervious material
- 15. Disadvantages of unlined canals Water velocities higher than 0.7 m/s are not tolerable because of erosion. The low operating velocities require large cross- sectional areas High seepage and conveyance water losses result in waterlogging of adjacent land. Danger of canal bank breakage caused by overtopping, erosion and animal burrowing. Profuse growth of aquatic weeds retards the flow and causes heavy maintenance cost.
- 16. ILL-EFFECTS OF WATERLOGGING 1. Water seeping from canals down to the soil below may, at times, raise the ground water very close to the ground level. 2.This may result in blocking all the voids in the soil and obstructing the plant roots to breathe. 3.Normal cultivation operations, such as tilling, ploughing, etc. cannot be easily carried out in wet soils.
- 17. Seepage and conveyancewater losses
- 18. Canal side breakagedue to animal burrowing
- 19. Profuse weed growth,and too closely sited settlements
- 20. All these reasonslead to adoption of lining of canals, though the cost may be prohibitive. Hence, before suggesting a possible lining for a canal, it is necessary to evaluate the cost vis-à-vis the savings due to reduction in water loss through seepage.
- 21. A lined canalis provided with a lining of impervious material on its bed and banks to prevent the seepage of water
- 22. Types of canallining 1. Concrete lining 2.Shotcrete lining 3.Brick or burnt clay tile lining 4. Boulder Lining
- 23. A PICTURE OFA LINED CANAL
- 24. Irrigation canal layout As far as possible, curves should be avoided in the alignment of canals The curves lead to disturbance of flow and a tendency to silt on the inner bend and scour the toe of the outer (concave) bend. If curves have to be provided; they should be as gentle as possible. The permissible minimum radius of curvature for a channel curve is shorter for lined canals than unlined ones The alignment should be such that the cutting and filling of earth or rock should be balanced, as far as possible.
- 26. Drainage of landfor Canal Irrigation A proper design of canal irrigation system should also consist provision of a suitable drainage system for removal of excess water. The drainage system help to drain out storm water as well, and thus to prevent its percolation and to ensure easy disposal.
- 27. TYPES OF DRAINAGESYSTEM Surface Drainage These constitute open ditches, field drains, proper land grading and related structures. Land grading, or properly sloping the land towards the field drains, is an important method for effecting surface drainage.
- 28. TYPES OF DRAINAGESYSTEM Sub-Surface Drainage These are installed to lower the water table Consists of underground pipes which collect water and remove it through a network of such pipes.
- 29. Impact of Irrigation Increase in crop productivity Change in cropping pattern Helps Impact of Increase in cropping intensity Reduce in Irrigation Rural Increase in gross and net income Poverty Increase in farm employment Increase in farm wage rate Public expenditure on improved irrigation and water conservation under poverty reduction programme
- 32. Land Productivity inCanal and GW Irrigation 35000 Higher land 30000 productivity in Rs/ha of Net Sown Area Top 10 Talukas in talukas with higher 25000 Canal Irrigation Top 10 Talukas in Tubewell Irrigation canal Irrigation Density Density density 20000 15000 Lower land productivity in 10000 talukas with higher GW irrigation 5000 density 0 Gandhinagar Hansot Visnagar Anand Daskroi Kalol (Meh) Karjan Kamrej Valod Olpad DATA BASED ON TALUKAS OF GUJARAT
- 33. Distribution of GWand Canal Irrigation in Gujarat 100 95% of Gujarat’s 90 Area Irrigated (%) canal irrigation is 80 Groundwater concentrated in 70 Irrigated Area 20% talukas 60 Canal Irrigated 50 Area Canal systems 40 imply “All for some” 30 20 Groundwater 10 irrigation imply 0 “Some for all” 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Taluka (%)
- 37. At the beginningthere were two canals: Canal Forth and Clyde was built in 1777 Canal Union between Falkirk and Edinburgh was finished in 1822 Because of geographical difficulties, which created a difference of 79ft.in elevation, the two canals were connected by 11 locks.
- 38. In 1963, after150 yrs of existence of this water way with 11 locks the construction of a huge water carousel started. This extraordinary idea was finished in 2002 and became a symbol of Scotland. This invention saves not only time but also energy.
- 39.
- 42. This is theonly rotational boat transporter in the world. It has two arms and each arm forms a kind of huge tub filled with water. Boats enter the tub, then the tub locks up and the huge arm starts rotating
- 43. Entrance to lowercanal
- 44. A Boat isapproaching the upper“tub”
- 46. There are boatsin both “tubs” upper and lower
- 47.
- 48. Boats in bothrotating arms
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- 51.
- 54. Closing the gate, regulation of level of water and “tubs” rotation takes 15 min. only.
- 55. One “tub” 78ft.long with water and boat weights about 300 tons.
- 56. The “tubs” arefilled according the Archimedes’ Law. So the weight of “tubs” are balanced. To open the upper and lower lock and turn the whole system by 180◦ they need an engine of 22.5 kW which only use 1.5 kWh