Cardiac cycle.full
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The cardiac cycle consists of relaxation (diastole) and contraction (systole) of the heart. Each cycle begins with an electrical impulse from the sinus node which causes atrial contraction and is recorded as the P wave on an ECG. Contraction of the ventricles follows, recorded as the QRS complex, pumping blood into the arteries. Ventricular relaxation is recorded as the T wave. The heart's pumping is regulated intrinsically via the Frank-Starling mechanism and extrinsically by the autonomic nervous system.
Cardiac cycle.full
- 1. The Cardiac Cycle. Cardiac events that occur from beginning of one heart beat to the beginning of next are called the cardiac cycle. Each cycle is initiated by spontaneous generation of action potential in the sinus node.
- 2. Diastole And Systole. Cardiac cycle consists of a period of relaxation called diastole, during which ,the heart fills with blood,followed by period of contraction called systole.
- 4. Relationship of E.C.G To The Cardiac Cycle.
- 5. P,Q,R,s and T waves are electrical voltages generated by the heart and recorded by E.C.G from the body surface. P wave is caused by spread of depolarization through atria and this is followed by atrial contraction,which causes a slight rise in atrial pressure. About 0.16 sec after onset of p wave,QRS waves appear as a result of electrical depolarization of ventricles, which initiate ventricular contraction and cause ventricular pressure to rise.therefore QRS complex begins slightly before onset of ventricular systole. T wave represent stage of repolarization of ventricles ,therefore T wave occurs slightly before the end of ventricular contraction.
- 7. Function Of Atria As A Primer Pump About 80%of blood flows directly through atria into ventricles even before atrial contraction. Then atrial contraction usually causes an additional 20% ventricular filling. Therefore atria simply functions as a primer pump.
- 8. Function Of Ventricles As Pumps. Filling of Ventricles During ventricular systole, large amount of blood accumulate in rt. And lt. atria b/c of closed A.V valves. Therefore as soon as systole is over & ventricular pressure decreases,moderately increased pressure that have developed in atria during ventricular systole immediately push A.V valves open and allow blood to flow rapidly into ventricle.this is called period of (rapid filling of ventricles). The period of rapid ventricular filling lasts for about 1/3 of diastole. During middle third,only a small amount of blood normally flows into ventricles;this is blood that continues to empty into atria from veins & passes through atria directly into ventricles. During last 3rd, atria contract and give an additional thrust to inflow of blood into ventricles;this accounts for about 20% of ventricular filling during each heart cycle.
- 9. Emptying f ventricles during systole Period of isovolumic (isometric) contraction Immediately after ventricular contraction begins, ventricular pressure rises abruptly,causing A.V valves to close.then an additional 0.02 to 0.03 sec is required for the ventricle to build up sufficient pressure to push semilunar valves open against the pressure in aorta & pulmonary artery.therefore during this period,contraction is occuring in ventricles, but there is no emptying.this is called the period of isovolumic or isometric contraction, meaning that tension is increasing in muscle but little or no shortening of muscle fiber is occuring.
- 10. Period of ejection. When the left ventricular pressure rises slightly above 80mm Hg(& rt. Ventricular pressure slightly above 8mm Hg), vent. Pressure push semilunar valves open. Immediately , blood begins to pour out of ventricles , with about 70% of blood emptying occuring during the 1st third of period of ejection,& remaining 30% emptying during next two thirds. Therefore 1st third is called period of rapid ejection & last two thirds , period of slow ejection.
- 11. Period of Isovolumic(Isometric) Relaxation At the end of systole,vent. relaxation begins ,allowing both the rt. & lt. intraventricular pressure to decrease rapidly. Elevated pressure in distended large arteries that have just been filled with blood from contracted ventricles immediately push blood back towards ventricles ,which close aortic & pulmonary valves. For another 0.03 to 0.06 sec, ventr. Muscles continue to relax, even though vent. Volume does not change, giving rise to period of isovolumic or isometric relaxation. during this period, intra ventr. Pressure decrease rapidly back to their low diastolic levels. Then A,V valves open to begin a new cycle of ventr. Pumping.
- 12. End –Diastolic volume during diastole, normal ventricular filling increases the volume of each ventricle to about 110 to 120 ml. this volume is called end- diastolic volume. Stroke volume output As ventricles empty during systole, volume decreases abt 70 ml, which is called stroke volume output. End- Systolic volume Remaining volume in each ventricle, abt 40 to 50 ml, is called end systolic volume.
- 13. Ejection Fraction fraction of end diastolic volume that is ejected is called ejection fraction., usually equal to about 60% When heart contracts strongly, end systolic vol. can be decreased to as little as 10 to 20 ml. conversely, when large amount of blood flows into ventricles during diastole,ventr. diastolic volumes can become as great as 150 to 180 ml .
- 14. Function Of Valves Atrioventricular valves The A-V valves (the tricuspid and mitral valves) prevent backflow of blood from the ventricles to the atria during systole, and the semilunar valves (the aortic and pulmonary artery valves) prevent backflow from the aorta and pulmonary arteries into the ventricles during diastole. they close when a backward pressure gradient pushes blood backward, and they open when a forward pressure gradient forces blood in the forward direction.
- 15. Aortic And Pulmonary Artery valves. High pressures in the arteries at the end of systole cause the semilunar valves to snap to the closed position. because of the rapid closure and rapid ejection, the edges of the aortic and pulmonary valves are subjected to much greater mechanical abrasion than are the A-V valves.
- 16. Relationship Of Heart Sounds To heart Pumping. when the valves close, the vanes of the valves and the surrounding fluids vibrate under the influence of sudden pressure changes, giving off sound that travels in all directions through the chest. When the ventricles contract, a sound produces,caused by closure of the A- V valves. The vibration is low in pitch and relatively long- lasting and is known as the first heart sound. When the aortic and pulmonary valves close at the end of systole, a rapid snap occurs because these valves close rapidly, and the surroundings vibrate for a short period. This sound is called the second heart sound.
- 17. Work Output Of The Heart stroke work output of the heart is the amount of energy that the heart converts to work during each heartbeat while pumping blood into the arteries.
- 18. Volume Pressure Diagram Of Cardiac Cycle It is divided into four phases. Phase I: Period of filling. This phase in the volume- pressure diagram begins at a ventricular volume of about 50 ml and a diastolic pressure of 2 to 3 mm Hg. The amount of blood that remains in the ventricle after the previous heartbeat, 50 ml, is called the end-systolic volume. As venous blood flows into the ventricle from the left atrium, the ventricular volume normally increases to about 120 ml, called the end-diastolic volume, an increase of 70 ml
- 19. Phase II: (Period of isovolumic contraction). During isovolumic contraction, the volume of the ventricle does not change because all valves are closed. However, the pressure inside the ventricle increases to equal the pressure in the aorta, at a pressure value of about 80 mm Hg. Phase III: ( Period of ejection). During ejection, the systolic pressure rises even higher because of still more contraction of the ventricle. At the same time, the volume of the ventricle decreases because the aortic valve has now opened and blood flows out of the ventricle into the aorta.
- 20. Phase IV: ( Period of isovolumic relaxation). At the end of the period of ejection the aortic valve closes, and the ventricular pressure falls back to the diastolic pressure level. Thus, the ventricle returns to its starting point, with about 50 ml of blood left in the ventricle and at an atrial pressure of 2 to 3 mm Hg.
- 21. Concepts of Preload and Afterload (Preload): The degree of tension on the muscle when it begins to contract, is called the preload. (Afterload) The load against which the muscle exerts its contractile force, is called the afterload. .
- 22. Chemical Energy Required for Cardiac Contraction: Oxygen Utilization by the Heart Heart muscle, like skeletal muscle, uses chemical energy to provide the work of contraction. Approximately 70 to 90 percent of this energy is normally derived from oxidative metabolism of fatty acids with about 10 to 30 percent coming from other nutrients, especially lactate and glucose.
- 23. Regulation Of Heart Pumping Regulation of Heart Pumping When a person is at rest, the heart pumps only 4 to 6 liters of blood each minute. During severe exercise, the heart may be required to pump four to seven times this amount. The basic means by which the volume pumped by the heart is regulated are (1) intrinsic cardiac regulation of pumping in response to changes in volume of blood flowing into the heart and (2) control of heart rate and strength of heart pumping by the autonomic nervous system.
- 24. Intrinsic Regulation of Heart Pumping- The Frank-Starling Mechanism under most conditions, the amount of blood pumped by the heart each minute is normally determined almost entirely by the rate of blood flow into the heart from the veins, which is called venous return. That is, each peripheral tissue of the body controls its own local blood flow, and all the local tissue flows combine and return by way of the veins to the right atrium. The heart, in turn, automatically pumps this incoming blood into the arteries so that it can flow around the circuit again. This intrinsic ability of the heart to adapt to increasing volumes of inflowing blood is called the Frank-Starling mechanism of the heart
- 25. Basically, the Frank-Starling mechanism means that the greater the heart muscle is stretched during filling, the greater is the force of contraction and the greater the quantity of blood pumped into the aorta. Or, stated another way: Within physiologic limits, the heart pumps all the blood that returns to it by the way of the veins.
- 26. Control of the Heart by the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Nerves The pumping effectiveness of the heart also is controlled by the sympathetic and parasympathetic (vagus) nerves, which abundantly supply the heart, the amount of blood pumped each minute (cardiac output) often can be increased by sympathetic stimulation. By contrast, the output can be decreased by (parasympathetic) stimulation.
- 27. Mechanisms of Excitation of the Heart by the Sympathetic Nerves Strong sympathetic stimulation can increase the heart rate in young adult humans from the normal rate of 70 beats/min up to 180 to 200 and, rarely, even 250 beats/min. Also, sympathetic stimulation increases the force of heart contraction to as much as double normal, thereby increasing the volume of blood pumped and increasing the ejection pressure. Thus, sympathetic stimulation often can increase the maximum cardiac output as much as twofold to threefold.
- 28. inhibition of the sympathetic nerves to the heart can decrease cardiac pumping . when the activity of the sympathetic nervous system is depressed below normal, this decreases both heart rate and strength of ventricular muscle contraction.
- 29. Parasympathetic (Vagal) Stimulation of the Heart Strong stimulation of the parasympathetic nerve fibers in the vagus nerves to the heart can stop the heartbeat for a few seconds, but then the heart usually "escapes" and beats at a rate of 20 to 40 beats/ min as long as the parasympathetic stimulation continues. In addition, strong vagal stimulation can decrease the strength of heart muscle contraction by 20 to 30 percent.
- 30. The vagal fibers are distributed mainly to the atria and not much to the ventricles, where the power contraction of the heart occurs. This explains the effect of vagal stimulation mainly to decrease heart rate rather than to decrease greatly the strength of heart contraction.
- 31. Effect of Potassium Ions On Heart Function. Excess potassium in the extracellular fluids causes the heart to become dilated and flaccid and also slows the heart rate. Large quantities also can block conduction of the cardiac impulse from the atria to the ventricles through the A-V bundle. Elevation of potassium concentration to only 8 to 12 mEq/L-two to three times the normal value-can cause such weakness of the heart and abnormal rhythm that death occurs.
- 32. These effects result partially from the fact that a high potassium concentration in the extracellular fluids decreases the resting membrane potential in the cardiac muscle fibers. high extracellular fluid potassium concentration partially depolarizes the cell membrane, causing the membrane potential to be less negative. As the membrane potential decreases, the intensity of the action potential also decreases, which makes contraction of the heart progressively weaker.
- 33. Effect of Calcium Ions On Heart Function. An excess of calcium ions causes effects almost exactly opposite to those of potassium ions, causing the heart to go toward spastic contraction. This is caused by a direct effect of calcium ions to initiate the cardiac contractile process, Conversely, deficiency of calcium ions causes cardiac flaccidity, similar to the effect of high potassium.
- 34. Effect of Temperature on Heart Function Increased body temperature, causes a greatly increased heart rate, sometimes to double normal. Decreased temperature causes a greatly decreased heart rate in the body. These effects presumably result from the fact that heat increases the permeability of the cardiac muscle membrane to ions that control heart rate, resulting in acceleration of the self-excitation process.