casting in manufacturing process in me.pptx

Presented
By
K Ravi Kumar
MECHANICAL ENGG
WORKSHOP TEHONLOY
1

• Casting is a manufacturing process in which a liquid material is usually
poured into a mold, which contains a hollow cavity of the desired
shape, and then allowed to solidify.
• The solidified part is also known as a casting, which is ejected or
broken out of the mold to complete the process
6

Production Steps in Sand-Casting
7

Tools required for casting
1.Shovel
• It is just like rectangular pan fitted with a handle. It is used for mixing
the moulding sand and for moving it from one place to the other.
2. Riddle:
It is used for removing foreign materials like nails, shot metal splinters
of wood etc from the moulding sand.
3. Rammer:
• It is a wooden tool used for ramming or packing the sand in the
mould. Rammers are made in different shapes.
8

4. Strike-off bar:
•It is a cast iron or wrought iron bar with a true straight edge. It is used
to remove the surplus sand from the mould after the ramming has
been completed.
5. Vent wire:
•It is a mild steel wire used for making vents or openings in the mould.
6. Lifter:
•It is a metal piece used for patching deep section of the mould and
removing loose sand from pockets of the mould.
9

7. Slick:
•Different types of slicks are used for repairing and finishing moulds.
8. Trowel:
•It contains of a flat and thick metal sheet with upwards projected handle at
one end. It is used for making joints and finishing flat surface of a mould.
9. Swab:
•It is made of flax or hemp. It is used for applying water to the mould around
the edge of the pattern.
10. Draw spike:
•It is a metal rod with a pointed or screwed end. It is used for removing the
pattern from the mould.
10

Pattern
Pattern is defined as a model or replica of an object to be cast
•The type of pattern to be used for a particular casting depends upon many factors
like design of casting, complexity of shape, number of casting required [bulk of
casting], mould process, surface finish and accuracy.
•Functions of the Pattern
1) A pattern prepares a mold cavity for the purpose of making a casting.
2)A pattern may contain projections known as core prints if the casting requires a
core and need to be made hollow.
3)Runner, gates, and risers used for feeding molten metal in the mold cavity may
form a part of the pattern.
4)Patterns properly made and having finished and smooth surfaces reduce casting
defects.
5)A properly constructed pattern minimizes the overall cost of the castings.
12

Pattern
material
•Wood
•Metal
•Plastic
•Plaster
•Wax
13

Pattern
Material
Requirements
•Easily worked, shaped and joined
•Light in weight
•Strong, hard and durable
•Resistant to wear and abrasion
•Resistant to corrosion, and to chemical reactions
•Dimensionally stable and unaffected by variations in temperature and
humidity
•Available at low cost
14

Wood
Advantages
• Cheap, easily available, light, easiness in
surfacing, preserving (by shellac
coating), workable, ease in joining,
fabrication
Disadvantages
• Moisture effects, wear by sand
abrasion, warp during forming, not for
rough use.
• Must be properly dried/ seasoned,
• free from knots, straight grained
15

Metals
•Used for mass production
•For maintaining closer dimensional tolerances on casting.
•More life when compared to wooden patterns
•Few of the material used include CI, Al, Fe, Brass etc. Al is
widely used.
•More expensive
•Cannot be repair
•Egs: Al alloys, Brass, Mg alloys, Steel, cast Iron for mass
production
16

Metal Patterns
These are employed where large no. of castings have to be produced
from same patterns.
Commonly used metals for making patterns:
Cast iron
Aluminum and its alloys
Steel
White metal
Brass etc.
17

Advantages
Do not absorb moisture
More stronger
Possess much longer life
Do not wrap, retain their shape
Greater resistance to abrasion
Accurate and smooth surface finish
Good machinability
18

Plastics
•Low weight
•Easier formability
•Do not absorb moisture
•Good corrosion resistance
• The most generally used plastics are
• Epoxy resins with fillers
• PU foam
19

Plaster
Plaster of Paris or gypsum cement
is used as a pattern material
Complicated shapes can be easily
cast
Has high compressive strength
Used for making small and intricate
pattern and core boxes
20

Wax
Wax is used in specialized
applications such as investment
casting process etc
Wax provide good surface finish
Provide high accuracy to the
casting
21

Pattern
allowances
Pattern is always made larger than the final
casting because it carries certain allowances
due to metallurgical & mechanical reasons
Types
• Shrinkage or contraction allowance
• Draft or taper allowance
• Machining or finish allowance
• Distortion or camber allowance
• Rapping allowance
22

Shrinkage
or
contraction
allowance
•Almost all cast metals shrink or contract volumetrically
on cooling.
•shrinkage allowance gives to the pattern to compensate
for the contraction of the liquid metal on cooling.
• For this, the dimensions of the pattern is made slightly
oversize.
•The shrinkage allowance will be different for different
metals.
•The shrinkage allowance is greater for cast steel than
that of other alloys.
•The shrinkage allowance is always added along the
length than along the diameter
23

Rate of Contraction of Various Metals
Material
Dimension
Shrinkage allowance (inch/ft)
Material
Dimension
Material
Dimension
Grey Cast Iron Up to 2 feet
2 to 4 feet
over 4 feet
0.125
0.105
0.083
Cast Steel Up to 2 feet
2 feet to 6 feet
over 6 feet
0.251
0.191
0.155
Aluminum Up to 4 feet
4 feet to 6 feet
over 6 feet
0.155
0.143
0.125
Magnesium Up to 4 feet
Over 4 feet
0.173
0.155
24

Machining
or finish
allowance
•This allowance is provided on the pattern if the
casting is to be machined.
•This allowance is given in addition to shrinkage
allowance.
•The amount of this allowance varies from 1.6 to
12.5 mm which depends upon the type of the
casting metal, size and the shape of the casting.
•The ferrous metals require more machining
allowance than non ferrous metals.
25

Machining or finish allowance
Is given due to the following reasons:
1. For removing surface roughness, Scale, slag, dirt and other imperfections
from the casting.
2. For obtaining exact dimensions on the casting.
3. To achieve desired surface finish on the casting.
The dimension of the pattern to be increased depends upon the following
factors:
1.Method of machining used (turning, grinding, boring, etc.).
2.Characteristics of metal
3.Method of casting used.
4.Size and shape of the casting.
5.Degree of finish required.
26

Draft or taper allowance
• Provided to facilitate easy
withdrawal of the pattern.
• Typically it ranges from 1 degree to
3 degree for wooden patterns.
• The amount of draft required
depends upon the shape and size of
the casting, moulding method, the
method of production, intricacy of
pattern, and whether moulded by
hand or machine.
27

Distortion
or Camber
Allowance
•Sometimes castings, because of
their size, shape and type of metal,
tend to warp or distort during the
cooling period depending on the
cooling speed.
•Expecting the amount of warpage,
a pattern may be made with
allowance of warpage. It is called
camber.
28

Rapping or
Shaking
Allowance
•When the pattern is shaken for easy withdrawal, the mould cavity,
hence the casting is slightly increased in size. In order to compensate
for this increase, the pattern should be initially made slightly smaller.
•For small and medium sized castings, this allowance can be ignored.
•Large sized and precision castings, however, shaking allowance is to
be considered.
•The amount of this allowance is given based on previous experience.
29

Types of
patterns
1.Single piece(Solid) pattern.
2.Split piece(Two piece) pattern.
3.Loose piece pattern.
4.Match plate pattern.
5.Sweep pattern.
6.Gated pattern.
7.Skeleton pattern
8.Follow board pattern.
9.Cope and Drag pattern.
30

Single piece
(solid)
pattern
•Made from one piece and does not contain loose pieces or
joints.
•Inexpensive.
•Used for large size simple castings.
•Pattern is accommodated either in the cope or in the drag.
Examples:
1.Bodies of regular shapes.
2.Stuffling box of steam engine.
32

Split piece
pattern
Patterns of intricate shaped castings cannot be
made in one piece because of the inherent
difficulties associated with the molding operations
(e.g. withdrawing pattern from mould).
The upper and the lower parts of the split piece
patterns are accommodated in the cope and drag
portions of the mold respectively.
Parting line of the pattern forms the parting line of
the mould
33

Dowel pins are used for keeping
the alignment between the two
parts of the pattern.
Examples:
• Hollow cylinder
• Taps , stop cocks etc.,
34

Loose piece
pattern
Certain patterns cannot be withdrawn once they are
embedded in the molding sand. Such patterns are usually
made with one or more loose pieces for facilitating from
the molding box and are known as loose piece patterns.
Loose parts or pieces remain attached with the main
body of the pattern, with the help of dowel pins.
The main body of the pattern is drawn first from the
molding box and thereafter as soon as the loose parts are
removed, the result is the mold cavity.
35

Match
plate
pattern
It consists of a match plate, on either side of
which each half of split patterns is fastened.
A no. of different sized and shaped patterns may
be mounted on one match plate.
The match plate with the help of locator holes can
be clamped with the drag.
After the cope and drag have been rammed with
the molding sand, the match plate pattern is
removed from in between the cope and drag.
36

•Match plate patterns
are normally used in
machine molding.
•By using this we can
eliminate mismatch of
cope and drag cavities.
37

Gated
pattern
The sections connecting different patterns serve as runner
and gates.
This facilitates filling of the mould with molten metal in a
better manner and at the same time eliminates the time and
labour otherwise consumed in cutting runners and gates.
A gated pattern can manufacture many casting at one time
and thus it is used in mass production systems.
Gated patterns are employed for producing small castings.
38

Cope and Drag patterns
•A cope and drag pattern is another form of split pattern.
•Each half of the pattern is fixed to a separate metal/wood plate.
•Each half of the pattern(along the plate) is molded separately in a
separate molding box by an independent molder or moulders.
•The two moulds of each half of the pattern are finally assembled and
the mould is ready for pouring.
•Cope and drag patterns are used for producing big castings which as a
whole cannot be conveniently handled by one moulder alone.
39

Sweep
pattern
A sweep pattern is just a form made on a wooden board which
sweeps the shape of the casting into the sand all around the
circumference. The sweep pattern rotates about the post.
Once the mold is ready, Sweep pattern and the post can be
removed.
Sweep pattern avoids the necessity of making a full, large
circular and costly three-dimensional pattern.
Making a sweep pattern saves a lot of time and labor as
compared to making a full pattern.
A sweep pattern is preferred for producing large casting of
circular sections and symmetrical shapes.
40

Skeleton
pattern
• A skeleton pattern is the skeleton of a desired shape which
may be S-bend pipe or something else. The skeleton frame
is mounted on a metal base
• The skeleton is made from wooden strips, and is thus a
wooden work.
• The skeleton pattern is filled with sand and is rammed.
•A strickle (board) assists in giving the desired shape to the
sand and removes extra sand.
•When the size of the casting is very large, but easy to shape
and only a few numbers are to be made
•A skeleton pattern is very economical, because it involves
less material costs.
41

Follow
board
pattern
A follow board is a wooden board and is used for supporting a
pattern which is very thin and fragile and which may give way
and collapse under pressure when the sand above the pattern is
being rammed.
With the follow board support under the weak pattern, the drag
is rammed, and then the fallow board is with drawn, The
rammed drag is inverted, cope is mounted on it and rammed.
•During this operation pattern remains over the inverted drag
and get support from the rammed sand of the drag under it.
•Follow boards are also used for casting master patterns for
many applications.
42

Pattern
colours
• There is no universal method of colouring but following method is
followed as a practice for colouring the patterns and core boxes.
• Red for machining surface.
•Black for un-machined surface.
• Yellow for core print.
•Red strip on yellow base for seat for loose pieces
• Without colour for parting surface.
43

Moulding
sand
Depending upon the purity and other
constituents present, sand is classified into
(i)Natural sand.
(ii)Synthetic sand,
(iii)Special sand or loam sand.
44

Natural
sand
•Natural sand is directly used for molding and contains 5-20% of clay as
binding material.
•It needs 5-8% water for mixing before making the mold. Many natural sands
possess a wide working range of moisture and are capable of retaining
moisture content for a long time.
• Its main drawback is that it is less refractory as compared to synthetic sand.
• Many natural sands have weak molding properties.
•These sands are reconditioned by mixing small amounts of binding materials
like bentonite to improve their properties and are known as semi-synthetic
sand.
45

Synthetic
Sands
•Synthetic sand consists of silica sand with or without clay, binder or
moisture.
•It is a formulated sand i.e. sand formed by adding different ingredients.
Sand formulations are done to get certain desired properties not possessed
by natural sand.
•These sands have better casting properties like permeability and
refractoriness and are suitable for casting ferrous and non-ferrous
materials.
•These properties can be controlled by mixing different ingredients.
•Synthetic sands are used for making heavy castings.
46

Loam
Sand
•Loam sand contains many ingredients, like fine sand particles,
finely ground refractories, clay, graphite and fiber reinforcements.
•In many cases, the clay content may be of the order of 50% or
more.
•When mixed with water, the materials mix to a consistency
resembling mortar and become hard after drying.
•Big molds for casting are made of brick framework lined with
loam sand and dried.
•Sweeps etc are used for making big castings like big bells by using
loam sand.
47

Characteristics
of moulding
sand
1) Green strength
•The green sand after water has been mixed into it, must
have sufficient strength and toughness to permit the making
and handling of the mold.
•The green strength also depends upon the grain shape and
size, amount and type of clay and the moisture content.
•It is the strength of sand in the green or moist condition.
48

2) Dry strength
•As soon as the molten metal is poured into the mold, the moisture in the sand layer adjacent
to the hot metal gets evaporated and this dry sand layer must have sufficient strength to its
shape in order to avoid erosion of mold wall during the flow of molten metal.
3) Flowability or plasticity
•It is the ability of the sand to get compacted and behave like a fluid.
•It increses with amount of clay and water
49

4) Permeability or porosity
•It is also termed as porosity of the molding sand in order to allow the
escape of any air, gases or moisture present or generated in the mold when
the molten metal is poured into it.
•All these gaseous generated during pouring and solidification process must
escape otherwise the casting becomes defective.
•Permeability of mold can be further increased by venting using vent rods
50

5) Refractoriness
•Refractoriness is defined as the ability of molding sand to withstand high
temperatures without breaking down or fusing thus facilitating to get sound
casting. It is a highly important characteristic of molding sands. Refractoriness can
only be increased to a limited extent.
•Molding sand with poor refractoriness may burn on to the casting surface and no
smooth casting surface can be obtained.
51

6) Adhesiveness
•It is property of molding sand to get stick or adhere with foreign material such sticking of
molding sand with inner wall of molding box.
7) Cohesiveness
•It is property of molding sand by virtue which the sand grain particles interact and attract
each other within the molding sand. Thus, the binding capability of the molding sand gets
enhanced to increase the green, dry and hot strength property of molding and core sand.
52

8)Thermal stability
•Heat from the casting causes rapid
expansion of the sand surface at the mold‐
metal interface.
•The mold surface may then crack, buckle, or
flake off (scab) unless the molding sand is
relatively stable dimensionally under rapid
heating.
53

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