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Causes of Sri Lanka Conflict
The document discusses the causes of conflict between the Sinhalese and Tamil ethnic groups in Sri Lanka. It identifies four main reasons for tensions: 1) citizenship rights for Indian Tamils which excluded some from citizenship; 2) the "Sinhala Only" language policy which made Sinhala the official language; 3) biased university admission criteria favoring Sinhalese students; and 4) government resettlement policies that moved Sinhalese populations into predominantly Tamil areas, disrupting the Tamil claims to certain territories. Each of these factors marginalized the Tamil population and contributed to the escalation of ethnic conflict over time in Sri Lanka.
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Causes of Sri Lanka Conflict
- 1. UNIT 4: CONFLICTIN MULTI-ETHNIC SOCIETIES CASE STUDY OF SRI LANKA causes of conflict between the sinhalese and the tamils
- 2.
- 3.
- 4. Multi-Ethnic Societies When ethnicharmony falls apart...
- 5. Multi-Ethnic Societies When ethnicharmony falls apart...
- 6. Multi-Ethnic Societies When ethnicharmony falls apart...
- 9.
- 10. Quick Introduction toSri Lanka
- 11. Quick Introduction toSri Lanka
- 12. Quick Introduction toSri Lanka
- 13. Quick Introduction toSri Lanka
- 14. Quick Introduction toSri Lanka • Known as Ceylon before 1972
- 15. Quick Introduction toSri Lanka • Known as Ceylon before 1972 • Sri Lanka means ‘beautiful island’ in Sinhala
- 16. Quick Introduction toSri Lanka • Known as Ceylon before 1972 • Sri Lanka means ‘beautiful island’ in Sinhala • Formerly a British colony, who had governed Ceylon as two separate nations
- 17. Quick Introduction toSri Lanka • Known as Ceylon before 1972 • Sri Lanka means ‘beautiful island’ in Sinhala • Formerly a British colony, who had governed Ceylon as two separate nations
- 18. Quick Introduction toSri Lanka
- 19. Quick Introduction toSri Lanka
- 20. Quick Introduction toSri Lanka We are Sinhalese. Our ancestors are natives of this country. Most of us are Buddhists, and we speak Sinhala.
- 21. Quick Introduction toSri Lanka We are Sinhalese. Our ancestors are natives of this country. Most of us are Buddhists, and we speak Sinhala.
- 22. Quick Introduction toSri Lanka We are Sinhalese. Our ancestors are natives of this country. Most of us are Buddhists, and we speak Sinhala. We are Sri Lankan Tamils. Our ancestors have been living in Sri Lanka since a loooong time ago. We are Hindu and we speak Tamil!
- 23. Quick Introduction toSri Lanka We are Sinhalese. Our ancestors are natives of this country. Most of us are Buddhists, and we speak Sinhala. We are Sri Lankan Tamils. Our ancestors have been living in Sri Lanka since a loooong time ago. We are Hindu and we speak Tamil!
- 24. Quick Introduction toSri Lanka I am an Indian Tamil. My We are Sinhalese. Our ancestors were brought here ancestors are natives by the British during colonial of this country. Most times. My religion is Hindu of us are Buddhists, and I speak Tamil too! and we speak Sinhala. We are Sri Lankan Tamils. Our ancestors have been living in Sri Lanka since a loooong time ago. We are Hindu and we speak Tamil!
- 25. Quick Introduction toSri Lanka Moor Sri Lankan and Indian Tamil Others Sinhalese
- 26. Quick Introduction toSri Lanka Moor Sri Lankan and Indian Tamil Others Sinhalese 8.0% 9.4% 0.7% 81.9%
- 27. Quick Introduction toSri Lanka Moor Sri Lankan and Indian Tamil Others Sinhalese 8.0% 9.4% 0.7% 81.9%
- 28. A Tamil womanin distress
- 29. A Tamil womanin distress
- 30. A Tamil womanin distress Young Tamil Tigers
- 31. A Tamil womanin distress Young Tamil Tigers Why are the Sinhalese and Tamils fighting?
- 32. Reason 1: CitizenshipRights
- 33. Reason 1: CitizenshipRights • Ceylon Citizenship Act, 1948
- 34. Reason 1: CitizenshipRights • Ceylon Citizenship Act, 1948 • Citizenship only given to those born in Sri Lanka or those whose forefathers were born there
- 35. Reason 1: CitizenshipRights • Ceylon Citizenship Act, 1948 • Citizenship only given to those born in Sri Lanka or those whose forefathers were born there • This meant that many Indian Tamils became stateless, even though they had lived in Sri Lanka for many years and contributed to the economy
- 36. Reason 1: CitizenshipRights
- 37. Reason 1: CitizenshipRights
- 38. Reason 1: CitizenshipRights
- 39. Reason 1: CitizenshipRights • Negotiations with India, 1964
- 40. Reason 1: CitizenshipRights • Negotiations with India, 1964 • Some Indian Tamils to return to India
- 41. Reason 1: CitizenshipRights • Negotiations with India, 1964 • Some Indian Tamils to return to India • The rest to be granted citizenship
- 42. Reason 1: CitizenshipRights • Negotiations with India, 1964 • Some Indian Tamils to return to India • The rest to be granted citizenship • BUT: interrupted by ethnic violence
- 43. Reason 1: CitizenshipRights
- 44. Reason 1: CitizenshipRights • Grant of Citizenship to Persons of Indian Origin Bill, 2003
- 45. Reason 1: CitizenshipRights • Grant of Citizenship to Persons of Indian Origin Bill, 2003 • The bill gave citizenship to any person of Indian origin, who had lived in Sri Lanka since 1964 or descended from someone who had done so
- 46. Reason 1: CitizenshipRights • Grant of Citizenship to Persons of Indian Origin Bill, 2003 • The bill gave citizenship to any person of Indian origin, who had lived in Sri Lanka since 1964 or descended from someone who had done so • Ended the issue of citizenship rights as an area of discontent for the Tamils
- 47. Reason 2: ‘SinhalaOnly’ Policy
- 48. Reason 2: ‘SinhalaOnly’ Policy What was the Official Language Act, 1956 policy?
- 49. Reason 2: ‘SinhalaOnly’ Policy What was the Official Language Act, 1956 policy? What was it about?
- 50. Reason 2: ‘SinhalaOnly’ Policy What was the Official Language Act, 1956 policy? 1. Changed official language from English to What was it Sinhala about? 2. Tamils in government service given three years to learn Sinhala or be dismissed
- 51. Reason 2: ‘SinhalaOnly’ Policy What was the Official Language Act, 1956 policy? 1. Changed official language from English to What was it Sinhala about? 2. Tamils in government service given three years to learn Sinhala or be dismissed What did it result in? (Impact)
- 52. Reason 2: ‘SinhalaOnly’ Policy What was the Official Language Act, 1956 policy? 1. Changed official language from English to What was it Sinhala about? 2. Tamils in government service given three years to learn Sinhala or be dismissed What did it The policy upset many Tamils, who organized a peaceful demonstration against the policy. result in? However, the peaceful demonstration turned into (Impact) violent riots when it was disrupted by supporters of the Sinhala language
- 53. Reason 2: ‘SinhalaOnly’ Policy How was the problem resolved?
- 54. Reason 2: ‘SinhalaOnly’ Policy In 1957, Tamil was made the language of a national minority and allowed to be used as a How was the language of administration, but only in Northern problem and Eastern parts of Sri Lanka, where most resolved? Tamils lived. Today, the Tamil language has been declared as a national language, as well as an official language.
- 55. One document, three languages: An example of an official document.
- 56. Reason 3: BiasedUniversity Admission Criteria
- 57. Reason 3: BiasedUniversity Admission Criteria • Before 1970, university admission was based on merit and the examinations were in English
- 58. Reason 3: BiasedUniversity Admission Criteria • Before 1970, university admission was based on merit and the examinations were in English • Benefitted the English-educated Tamils
- 59. Reason 3: BiasedUniversity Admission Criteria • Before 1970, university admission was based on merit and the examinations were in English • Benefitted the English-educated Tamils • The proportion of Tamils admitted to university was significantly higher than their proportion in the population
- 60. Reason 3: BiasedUniversity Admission Criteria
- 61. Reason 3: BiasedUniversity Admission Criteria • New university admission criteria introduced in 1970
- 62. Reason 3: BiasedUniversity Admission Criteria • New university admission criteria introduced in 1970 • Fixed number of places reserved for the Sinhalese
- 63. Reason 3: BiasedUniversity Admission Criteria • New university admission criteria introduced in 1970 • Fixed number of places reserved for the Sinhalese • Tamils had to score higher marks than Sinhalese to enter the same courses
- 65.
- 66. We Tamils arenot given equal opportunities to enter universities!!! An angry Tamil man
- 67. We Tamils arenot given equal opportunities to enter universities!!! I am sure this is a way by the Sinhalese to block Tamils from moving up the social ladder!!! An angry Tamil man
- 68. Reason 4: ResettlementPolicies
- 69. Reason 4: ResettlementPolicies • Resettlement of poor Sinhalese peasants in the 1950s
- 70. Reason 4: ResettlementPolicies • Resettlement of poor Sinhalese peasants in the 1950s • The government wanted to provide land for poor Sinhalese peasants to cultivate padi
- 71. Reason 4: ResettlementPolicies • Resettlement of poor Sinhalese peasants in the 1950s • The government wanted to provide land for poor Sinhalese peasants to cultivate padi • Transferred Sinhalese people from Southwestern and Central areas to Tamil areas
- 72. Reason 4: ResettlementPolicies • Resettlement of poor Sinhalese peasants in the 1950s • The government wanted to provide land for poor Sinhalese peasants to cultivate padi • Transferred Sinhalese people from Southwestern and Central areas to Tamil areas •Together came Buddhist monks and Sri Lankan Army
- 73. Reason 4: ResettlementPolicies
- 74. Reason 4: ResettlementPolicies Textbook, p. 97
- 75. Reason 4: ResettlementPolicies View of a Sinhalese Textbook, p. 97
- 76. Reason 4: ResettlementPolicies Sri Lanka is a free country! Obviously we can move anywhere we want to! View of a Sinhalese Textbook, p. 97
- 77. Reason 4: ResettlementPolicies Sri Lanka is a free country! Obviously we can move anywhere we want to! View of a Sinhalese View of a Tamil Textbook, p. 97
- 78. Reason 4: ResettlementPolicies Sri Lanka is a free country! Obviously we can move anywhere we want to! View of a Sinhalese But you are moving into OUR territory and depriving us of OUR land! View of a Tamil Textbook, p. 97
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