Ccri text

Ccri text

• 1.
  • “Native” Americans • Beringia – Eskimo – Northwest – Anasazi • Pueblos • Water conservation – Similarities • Diet – Hunt, farm, fish • Bows & arrows • No writing • Vs. Europeans – Less dense – No wheels or ships – Small animals only • Ericsson • Prince Henry • Bartolomeu Dias • Vasco da Gama breaks Mediterranean monopoly 1498 • Portugal inches along African coast – Slaves – Religion • Cape Verde 1st plantations • Ottoman Turks
• 2.
  – Genoa & Venice – Atlantic nations look west – Spain – Moors • Columbus – Bad with the ruler – San Salvador • Bahamas – Hispaniola • La Navidad – Returns with natives – 4 trips – Columbian Exchange • Goods, ppl & ideas • Treaty of Tordesillas – Portugal – Brazil only – de Gama 1498 • Cabot – Northwest Passage/ cod • Cabral – Vespucci • Balboa • Magellan – West voyage not feasible
• 3.
  • Conquistadores – Cortez • Aztec – Empire, tribute, sacrifice • Spain most powerful after – Pizarro • Inca • French – Verrazano – Cartier – Up to now – No settlements in America – Spanish Empire – Portugal to China – International fishing – Huguenots – Challenge to Spain – St. Augustine 1st • England – John Hawkins Africa to Haiti • Factors encouraging exploration – Technological advances – Monarchs looking to enlarge, enrich – Gold, glory & the Gospel • England supplants Spain
• 4.
  – Henry VIII – Elizabeth • Reform – Drake – Roanoke Island – Armada • Spain defends Cath. • English pond • England Colonizes in a Big Way
• 5.
  • Hakluyt – New trade partners – Ease unemployment • Pressure valve • 1530-1680 Pop doubled causing many to leave • Joint-stock company – VA London – VA Plymouth – Takes time for profit – Jamestown – License to poach – Terrible location • Swamp, drought – Gentlemen/servants – Search for gold • 38/144 – Malnutrition, disease, European traditions of labor – Could have done better if they learned to farm – John Smith • Harsh • “The Starving Time” • Powhatan Confederacy – Aid led to survival – Weapons for reinforcing • Lord de la Warr
• 6.
  – Irish tactics • Raid, burn, steal • Natives inferior • Almost exterminated due to VA success • John Rolfe – Made VA a stable colony – Seals peace by marriage • Spread of the vile weed – Scattered settlements – Constant encroaching • Labor force – Indentured • Lack of labor • Poor, willing • Cheap, abundant • 2x or 3x pay • Most migrants to Chesapeake • Many premature deaths • Society of servants and ex-servants • Sometimes sold • Extended– legally – Stole, ran away, pregnant – Women no marriage – Freedom dues – Headright
• 7.
  • Wealthy gentry class – More land, more workers – New arrivals in 1619 • Africans & wives? • House of Burgesses – Series of harsh rulers – Representative self-government • Local laws only but, it set a precedent of self-government at local level in colonies • James hates tobacco and distrusted H of B. • Charter revoked 1624, reinstated 1629 • Maryland – Proprietary • Lord B’more • Sanctuary – But… conflict » Majority Protestants as yeoman » Catholics as gentry – Act of Toleration 1649 • Depended on tobacco & indentured servants • Polarized society post 1649 – Land, money in east – Untamed in the west – Gov. Berkeley • No elections for 15 years • Only male landowners & heads of households
• 8.
  • Monopolized fur trade w/ Indians • Bacon’s Rebellion – Big guys & little guys, Berkeley removed – New workforce • New England • Pilgrims – Separatists – Too corrupt – Holland – Mayflower Compact • Political body & legal auth • Will of majority – Squanto • Pilgrims as allies • Thanksgiving • Mass. Bay Colony – Covenant • Contract for a mission – “City Upon a Hill” • Reform the Church of Eng. – King’s puppet – Families, educated, college – Voting rights • Property owning males • Popular got big tracts
• 9.
  • The sewer where the “Lord’s debris” collected and rotted • Connecticut – Thomas Hooker – All males – Fundamental Orders of CT. • Rhode Island – Roger Williams • Land belonged to… • Freedom of religion – Newport 1658 – Anne Hutchinson • Comm. Directly with God • Relations with Indians • Pequot War of 1637 – White settlement disrupted trade – Narragansett allies – Heavily criticized • Tried to Christianize • Indians knew only unity stops encroachment • King Philip’s War – Encroachment • Surrounded Indian towns • Sassamon • Mohawk • Great Swamp
• 10.
  • Sold into slavery • Debt, ruined frontier, hatred • Eunice Williams stayed • Mary Rowlandson– Redemption Rock • Trouble in New England • Salem – Tituba • Witchcraft • Specters – Causes • Continual disorder explained by blame – Indian attacks – Decline of Puritan society – Ergot • The Other Colonies • New York – 1609 Hudson – Albany – New Netherlands – New Amsterdam • Manhattan • Patroonships • Headright – Diverse – Huguenots
• 11.
  • Peter Stuyvesant • Duke of York– James • Pennsylvania – Wm. Penn – Quaker – Proprietary – Indians • Purchase land, deal fairly, respect claims • Those having probs elsewhere – Religious toleration • “in the souls there is no sex”
• 12.
  • Carolina – Restoration as others – Barbados in south • Charles Town • Slaves • Staple crops – Eliza Lucas – VA influence in north • Regulator – no reapportioning—not represented • Georgia – Oglethorpe – Buffer/Reform • Between two empires – Savannah • Navigation Acts – Mercantilism—raw materials – Only English/colonial ships – Enumerated – Designed to make money and stop competition – Board of Trade • Parliament passed rules but they didn’t affect the colonies unless stated – Salutary Neglect • Robert Walpole – Ignoring leads to more wealth • Admiralty Courts
• 13.
  • Crown attacks colonies charters – Mass Bay Colony charter revoked – Dominion of New England • Under direct English control • All land titles invalidated – Edmund Andros – Glorious Revolution • Influenced colonists to rise as well • Mass Bay restored with additions – Leisler’s Rebellion – Coode • More Indian Wars – New York • Beaver Wars • Iroquois – Needed to war to replenish since European disease killing them – North Carolina • Tuscarora—many enslaved – South Carolina • Yamassee – Abused by whites (sold into slavery) – Threatened lands – Spanish intrigue • Slavery – Portuguese
• 14.
  – Africans practiced violence • Europeans didn’t have to • Xtianized them instead – Triangular Trade • Products/ trade became basis of European economy • Middle Passage – Rebellion • Stono – Can’t overturn slavery; can’t win the fight for freedom. • Colonial experiences – The Great Awakening • First shared • Religious indifference – Convert non-believers and revive piety of believers – Most didn’t go to church • Revivals – Jonathan Edwards » Sinners… • Led to religious diversity • Enlightenment – Liberty, liberty, property » John Locke • Right of rebellion » Peter Zenger – Religion
• 15.
  » Deism » God the Clockmaker – Ben Franklin » Poor Richard’s • Work & wealth • The French in America – Champlain • Coureurs de bois • Black Robes—Jesuits – Robert de la Salle • Mississippi – No suppression of Indian – They liked European goods • Kept Spanish out • Wars with the French – King William/Queen Anne • Mostly European affairs • Attacks on frontier towns by French/Indians told colonists that they still needed English protection – King George’s War – Louisbourg • Colonists furious – Boston widows • French and Indian War – Contested land • Ohio Valley
• 16.
  • French forts • Gov. Dinwiddie – Washington » Surrenders » British retaliate • Nova Scotia – Albany Congress • Albany Plan for Union – Ben Franklin » Win Indians—they made no commitment » Colonists meet annually » Colonies & crown refused • Not enough or too much independence – General Braddock • Duquesne—war declared • Colonists refused to fight • British thought colonists bear the responsibility • Indians side with French—less land-hungry – William Pitt—Great Commoner • Picked better commanders – Recruitment was local now • Finance thoroughly—but… leads to huge debt – Boon to colonies economy – Turning point • Focus on North America
• 17.
  – Attack Quebec – Cripple France’s colonies – Plains of Abraham » Wolfe & Montcalm » Iroquois allied w/ GB – Treaty of Paris • Indians lose land as colonists mover west • England east, Spain west – Colonial hangover • Colonists have military confidence • Colonist officers treated poorly – No promotions—British discipline brutal – Amateurs • British concerns – Americans traded with enemy – Americans begin to head west – Pontiac’s Rebellion • Refused to surrender lands • Britain raised prices • Several British forts attacked • Many lives lost, long time to quell • Britain retaliated with germ warfare – Proclamation of 1763 • Keep peace—no settling west • Stationed soldiers here for same
• 18.
  • British problems – War debt – Colonists should help pay for empire – Pitt’s role – Standing Army (where?!?) – Quartering Act • Sugar Act – Molasses Act – Rewards for capture • Stamp Act – Internal tax – James Otis • No rep in Parle • Direct rep here • Grenville virtual – Sons & Daughters • Boycott – VA Resolves • Patrick Henry • Caesar, Chas I and George – Stamp Act Congress • First successful union • 9 of 13 • Rights & Grievances – Tax and represent redux
• 19.
  – Jury w/o trial – Restrict on trade • Prevent distribution – Andrew Oliver » Effigy – Thomas Hutchinson » All resigned • Boycott worked • Declaratory Act • Townsend Acts – Revenue Act of 1765 – Customs collectors paid by crown – Tax on lead, glass, paint, tea – Writs of assistance – New York Assembly – Circular Letter • Sam Adams • Tax w/o consent? • VA Assembly agrees dissolved • Currently – Taxes – Houses searched – Troops stationed at the center of hotbeds • Boston Massacre – March 5, 1770
• 20.
  – Soldiers withdrawn – Townsend repealed • Gaspée – Crown’s commission to find perpetrators – Committees of Correspondence • Cooperation to oppose • Boston Tea Party – British East India Tea Co. • Smuggled tea • Tax lowered • Favoritism • Hurt current suppliers • Hurt smugglers • “Intolerable” Acts – 1. Boston Harbor – 2. Mass. Charter – 3. Trials in England – 4. New Quartering Act – 5. Quebec Act • New borders – Land granted to Catholics! – No precedent – General Gage • First Continental Congress – Rights & Grievances
• 21.
  • Hope for cooler heads in Parlement– no response • Continental Association – Manage boycott – Ben Franklin » “we must hang together…” – Colonists forced to choose sides – Meet again in one year • Lexington & Concord 4/75 – Stockpiles – Paul Revere/Wm. Dawes – Sam Adams/John Hancock – Boston under siege • Second Continental Congress – G. Washington C-in-C – Mass Militia named Cont. Army • Bunker Hill – 3 attempts – Pyrrhic victory – Hessians – Ports closed – Halifax