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![• Hypoxia
– Reduced blood flow [ischemia]
– Inadequate oxygenation of the blood due to
cardiorespiratory failure
– Decreased oxygen carrying capacity of the
blood as in anemia and CO poisoning
– Severe blood loss](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/cellinjury26thmay2016-160520102521/75/Cell-injury-causes-pathogenesis-Morphology-of-reversible-cell-injury-7-2048.jpg)
Uploaded byVijay Shankar
Cell injury: causes, pathogenesis, Morphology of reversible cell injury
The document discusses cell injury and its mechanisms. It describes how cells can become injured through various stressors like hypoxia, physical/chemical agents, infections, etc. This causes damage to key cellular components like membranes, respiration, and DNA. The injury can be reversible through mild changes like hydropic swelling, or progress to irreversible necrosis or apoptosis if the cell cannot adapt. Free radicals are also discussed as a mediator of injury through lipid peroxidation, protein/DNA oxidation, and cytoskeletal damage. Examples of reversible changes include hydropic swelling seen as cloudy vacuoles, while irreversible injury leads to cell death.
In this document
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Explains normal cell homeostasis, stress responses, mechanisms, and causes of cell injury.
Discusses reversible and irreversible cell injury, highlighting distinctions and outcomes.
Describes free radicals' role in cell injury and mechanisms of antioxidant defenses against them.
Details effects like lipid peroxidation and hydropic changes, focusing on the cellular damage process.
Recaps key points on mechanisms, causes, and effects of cell injury, emphasizing reversible cases.
Thanks the audience, marking the end of the presentation.
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Cell injury: causes, pathogenesis, Morphology of reversible cell injury
- 3. NORMAL CELL (HOMEOSTASIS) STRESS ADAPTATION CELLINJURY INABILITY TO ADAPT REVERSIBLE INJURY MILD TRANSIENT SEVERE PROGRESSIVE IRREVERSIBLE INJURY NECROSIS APOPTOSISCELL DEATH
- 4. Learning objectives • Generalmechanisms of cell injury • Causes of cell injury • Pathogenesis of cell injury • Free radical induced cell injury • Examples of reversible cell injury
- 5. Cell Injury –General Mechanisms • Four very interrelated cell systems are particularly vulnerable to injury: – Membranes (cellular and organellar) – Aerobic respiration – Protein synthesis (enzymes, structural proteins, etc) – Genetic apparatus (e.g., DNA, RNA)
- 6. What causes cellinjury? • Hypoxia
- 7. • Hypoxia – Reducedblood flow [ischemia] – Inadequate oxygenation of the blood due to cardiorespiratory failure – Decreased oxygen carrying capacity of the blood as in anemia and CO poisoning – Severe blood loss
- 8. • Physical agents •Chemical agents • Infectious agents • Immunologic reactions • Genetic causes • Nutritional • Iatrogenic • Idiopathic
- 9. Pathogenesis • Basic principles •Nature of injury, duration and severity • Type , state and adaptability of the injured cell • Biochemical mechanisms acting on several essential cellular components.
- 10. The principal mechanismsof cell injury, and their biochemical and functional effects
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- 14. • These arethe chemical species that have single unpaired electron in their outer orbit. • Highly reactive, unstable chemicals • Associated with cell injury – Chemicals/drugs, reperfusion injury, inflammation, irradiation, oxygen toxicity, carcinogenesis
- 16. Free radicals • Superoxideoxygen • Hydroxyl radical • Hydrogen peroxide • Nitric oxide • Peroxynitrite • Hypochlorous acid
- 17. Antioxidant mechanisms • Catalase •Superoxide dismutase • Glutathione peroxidase
- 18. Antioxidants • Endogenous orexogenous substances which inactivate free radicals – Vitamins A, C , E – Sulphydryl containing compounds • Cysteine and glutathione – Serum proteins • Ceruloplasmin and transferrin
- 19. Hydroxyl free radical (the most reactive) Lipid peroxidation Protein oxidation DNA damage Cytoskeletal damage Cell death Mechanism of injury
- 20. Morphology of cellinjury
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- 23. Hydropic change • Accumulationof water in the cytoplasm • Cloudy swelling, vacuolar degeneration • Appears when cells are incapable of maintaining ionic and fluid homeostasis • It is the first manifestation of almost all forms of cell injury • Reversible cell injury • Due to impaired regulation of sodium & potassium on cell membrane.
- 26. Hydropic swelling. Aneedle biopsy of the liver of a patient with toxic hepatic injury shows severe hydropic swelling in the centrilobular zone. The affected hepatocytes exhibit central nuclei and cytoplasm distended (ballooned) by excess fluid.
- 27. Ultrastructural changes inreversible cell injury
- 28. Summary • General mechanismsof cell injury • Causes of cell injury • Pathogenesis of cell injury • Free radical induced cell injury • Examples of reversible cell injury
- 29.