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CELL STRUCTURE AND REPRODUCTION, SEXUAL AND ASEXUAL PPTX
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- 2. CELL ⮚Cells are thebasic building blocks of all living things. ⮚The human body is composed of trillions of cells. ⮚They provide structure for the body, take in nutrients from food, convert those nutrients into energy, and carry out specialized functions. ⮚Cells also contain the body’s hereditary material and can make copies of themselves. ⮚ derived from Latin word cellula/cellulae which means "small compartment/little storage rooms". 2
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- 6. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 1632-1723 "FATHEROF MICROBIOLOGY" • Discovery of bacteria (animalcules), protozoa, sperm cells and RBC (red blood cells). Robert Hooke 1635-1703 " RENAISSANCE MAN" ⮚ Discovered fungi. ⮚ Coined the word "cell" to describe units in plant tissue. ⮚ Discovery of the cell. ⮚ Describe a honeycomb-like network of cellulae in cork slice. 6
- 7. Matthias Jakob Schleiden 1804-1881 “GERMAN BOTANIST" ⮚Declared that cell is the "building block" of all plant matter. Theodor Schwann 1810-1882 “ANATOMIST & PHYSIOLOGIST" ⮚ Proposed that "all living things are made of cells". Rudolf Ludwig Carl Virchow 1821-1902 “FOUNDING FATHER OF PATHOLOGY & SOCIAL MEDICINE” ⮚ He declared that "every cell arises from one another". 7
- 8. Functions of theCell 8
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- 10. Did you know?? CELLS ComplexLiving Structures 10
- 11. 1. Basic unitof life 11
- 12. 2. Protection &support 12
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- 15. 5. Cell metabolism& Energy release 15
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- 19. 1. CELL MEMBRANE ⮚Athin layer of lipid and protein that separates the cell's content from the world around it. ⮚The one that encloses the cytoplasm. ⮚Is about 5-10 nm (nanometer) thick. ⮚Functions like a "gate". • Controlling what enters and leaves the cell. 19
- 20. 2. NUCLEUS (plural,nuclei) ⮚Large, round, the visible structure in most stained cells. ⮚The "control center" of the cell. ⮚An organelle containing the cell's genetic material/DNA. • DNA- Deoxyribonucleic Acid 20
- 21. NOTE: The presenceof a nucleus is important for classifying cells. a)Prokaryotes- organisms whose cells never contain a nucleus. b)Eukaryotes- organisms whose cells always contain a nucleus or nuclei. 21
- 22. 3.CYTOPLASM ⮚ Everything betweenthe cell membrane and the nucleus is the cell's cytoplasm. ⮚ Cytoplasm consists of two (2) main components: 1) Cytosol 2) Organelles 22
- 23. 1)CYTOSOL - ajellylike mixture that consists mostly of water, along with proteins, carbohydrates, and other organic compounds. 2)ORGANELLES - suspended in the cytosol. ⮚ Structures that work like miniature organs, carrying out specific functions in the cell. 23
- 24. (sing. nucleolus, littlenucleus) ⮚the site where the subunits of ribosomes are formed. ⮚the one that produce rRNA (ribosomal ribonucleic acid). 4. NUCLEOLI 24
- 25. ⮚Are the organelleswhere proteins are produced. NOTE: • Free Ribosomes – ribosomes that are not attached to any other organelles in the cytoplasm. • Other ribosomes are attached to a network of membranes called the Endoplasmic Reticulum. 5. RIBOSOME 25
- 26. ⮚This organelle helpsprocess molecules created by the cell. ⮚Transports these molecules to their specific destinations either inside or outside the cell. 6. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM ER with Ribosomes ER without Ribosomes 26
- 27. FUNCTION: ⮚Collects ⮚Modifies ⮚Packages ⮚Distributes protein & lipids manufacturedby the ER. 7. GOLGI APPARATUS 27
- 28. ⮚ “powerhouse ofthe cell” ⮚ Are complex organelles that convert energy from food into a form that the cell can use. ⮚ They have their own genetic material, separate from the DNA in the nucleus, and can make copies of themselves. 8.MITOCHONDRIA 28
- 29. ⮚ These organellesare the recycling center of the cell. ⮚ They digest foreign bacteria that invade the cell, rid the cell of toxic substances, and recycle worn-out cell components. 9. LYSOSOMES & PEROXISOMES 29
- 30. ⮚ network oflong fibers that make up the cell’s structural framework. ⮚ Critical Functions: - determines cell shape - participates in cell division - allowing cells to move. ⮚ It also provides a track-like system that directs the movement of organelles and other substances within cells. 10. CYTOSKELETON 30
- 31. GROUP ACTIVITY: COMPAREAND CONTRAST A FACTORY PORTLAND TO A CELL. 31
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- 35. PHOTOSYNTHESIS The process by whichautotrophs convert sunlight to a usable form of energy. 35
- 36. During photosynthesis, lightenergy is used to make organic compounds, such as sugars, from inorganic water and carbon dioxide. NOTE: The oxygen produced during photosynthesis comes from the water molecule. 36
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- 38. The products thatresult from photosynthesis – oxygen and carbohydrates that can be used by heterotrophs to supply energy. 38
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- 41. TYPES OF REPRODUCTION: ASEXUALREPRODUCTION • Is a type of reproduction that produces identical offspring from a single parent plant. • Does not involve the fusion of of sex cells. • Offspring known as the clones are genetically identical to parent. SEXUAL REPRODUCTION • Involves fusion of two sex cells to form a zygote. • Usually requires 2 parents. • Offspring show variations are not the exact copy of the parents. 41
- 42. ASEXUAL reproduction inPLANTS NATURAL VEGETATIVE REPRODUCT ION ARTIFICI AL PROPAG 42
- 43. NATURAL VEGETATIVE REPRODCTION • Itis a type of reproduction in plants from its vegetative parts or specialized reproductive structures . –The structure of plants that reproduce vegetatively come mostly from modified stems such as runners, tubers, corms and rhizomes. 43
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- 45. ARTIFICIAL PROPAGATION METHODS • IS ATYPE ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION METHOD OF PLANT REPRODUCTION WHICH IS PRACTICED WITH LITTLE HELP OF HUMANS. 45
- 46. SEXUAL reproduction in FLOWERINGPLANTS 46
- 47. Sexual Reproduction • Sexualreproduction requires genetic material (DNA) from two parents. The parent plants have male and female sex cells, called gametes. The genetic material from the male and female gametes combines to produce offspring. We call this process fertilization. The product of sexual reproduction are seeds. • Seeds produced through fertilization contain genetic material from both parents. As a result, the offspring are not genetically identical to either of the parent plants. This genetic diversity can help them survive if the environment changes. 47
- 48. • Flowering plantsreproduce sexually through a process called pollination. Flowers contain male sex organs called stamens and female sex organs called pistils. The anther is the part of the stamen that contains pollen. Pollen contains the male gametes. Pollen must be moved to a part of the pistil called the stigma for reproduction to take place. 48
- 49. ASEXUAL reproduction inANIMALS BUDDING FISSION FRAGMENTATION 49
- 50. 1. budding • aform of asexual reproduction in which a new individual develops from some generative anatomical point of the parent organism. • In some species buds may be produced from almost any point of the body, but in many cases budding is restricted to specialized areas. • Budding is an asexual mode of producing new organisms. In this process, a new organism is developed from a small part of the parent’s body. A bud which is formed detaches to50
- 51. 2. fission • binaryfission is a type of asexual reproduction where a parent cell divides, resulting in two identical cells, each having the potential to grow to the size of the original cell. The word asexual describes a reproduction that occurs without involving sex cells (gametes). Instead, the somatic cells undergo an asexual process that will produce a clone of the parent. 51
- 52. 3. fragmentation • fragmentationrefers to the state or the process of breaking into smaller parts, called fragments. • Fragmentation reproduction is a method of asexual reproduction in which a piece of the body, or fragment, of the parent breaks off and develops 52
- 53. SEXUAL reproduction inANIMALS Sexual reproduction occurs in a variety of ways in animals. In some species, such as fish, the male releases sperm over the eggs after the female has laid them. In other species, such as birds and most mammals—including human beings—the male releases sperm into the female reproductive tract. Sexual reproduction in animals occurs in three fundamental steps: -gametogenesis - Spawning or mating 53
- 54. GAMETOGENESIS • Gametogenesis isthe process by which diploid precursor cells undergo meiotic division to become haploid gametes (sex cells) In males, this process is called spermatogenesis and produce spermatozoa (sperm) In females, this process is called oogenesis and produce ova (eggs) • The process of gametogenesis occurs in the gonads and involves the following steps: Multiple mitotic divisions and cell growth of precursor germ cells Two meiotic divisions (meiosis I and II) to produce haploid daughter cells Differentiation of the haploid daughter cells to produce functional gametes 54
- 55. SPAWNING AND MATING SPAWNING-to deposit eggs or sperm directly into the water, as fishes. MATING- is the pairing of either opposite-sex or hermaphroditic organisms for the purposes of sexual reproduction. A mating system describes how males and females pair when choosing a mate. COMMON TYPES OF MATING: MONOGAMY AND POLYGAMY 55
- 56. FERTILIZATION • The fusionof a male gamete with a female gamete to form a zygote during the sexual reproduction i.e. the fusion of a sperm with an ovum or egg to form zygote is called fertilization. The zygote is also known as ‘fertilized egg’ or ‘fertilized ovum’. This zygote grows and develops to form a new baby. The stage of development between the zygote or fertilized egg and the newly formed baby is called embryo. 56
- 57. • Internal andexternal fertilization: • The fertilization which occurs inside the female body is called internal fertilization i.e. it takes place in mammals including human beings, birds and reptiles. • The fertilization which occurs outside the female body is called external fertilization i.e. it takes place in amphibians like frogs, toads and fishes. FERTILIZATION 57
- 58. • There areways by which offspring are produced by internal fertilization: 1.Oviparity(OVIPAROUS)– The fertilized eggs are laid outside, where they receive nourishment from the yolk. 2.Viviparity(VIVIPAROUS)– The offspring are born directly instead of hatching from the eggs. They receive nutrition from the mother. This can be seen in mammals. FERTILIZATION 58
- 59. Oviparous Viviparous Meaning Egg-laying animalsAnimals that give birth to the young ones Fertilization Either internal or external Fertilization is internal Nutrients to the developing embryo Provided by the egg yolk Provided by the mother through the placenta Development of zygote There is very little or no development of the embryo inside the mother. The embryo develops entirely inside the mother. Survival chances There are fewer chances of survival since the eggs are laid outside the body The young one is protected inside the mother and so the chances of survival are more. Examples Insects, hens, fish, amphibians, etc. Humans, dogs, cats, horses, etc. 59
- 60. THANK YOU •PREPARE YOURSELFFOR A SHORT QUIZ: –GET ½ SHEET OF YELLOW PAD PAPER –WRITE YOUR NAME, SECTION AND DATE TODAY. 60
- 61. GENERAL INSTRUCTION: • 1.WRITE YOUR ANSWERS CLEARLY- YUNG MALINAW! HINDI KATULAD NG FEELINGS NIYA SAYO NA MAGULO NA MALABO PA. • 2. NO ERASURES- MAG- ISIP KA NG MABUTI, KAYA KA NALOLOKO EH, SYA NA YUNG THE RIGHT ONE PINALITAN MO PA. • 3. DO NOT CHEAT- HUWAG KANG TUMULAD SA EX MO NA AKALA MO LOYAL SAYO, NA NAPATINGIN LANG SA IBA PINALITAN KA NA. 61
Editor's Notes
- #2 Cells are the basic building blocks of all living things. The human body is composed of trillions of cells. They provide structure for the body, take in nutrients from food, convert those nutrients into energy, and carry out specialized functions. ... Cells have many parts, each with a different function.
- #6 Antonie Philips van Leeuwenhoek FRS was a Dutch businessman and scientist in the Golden Age of Dutch science and technology. A largely self-taught man in science, he is commonly known as "the Father of Microbiology", and one of the first microscopists and microbiologists. English scientist Robert Hooke published Micrographia in 1665. In it, he illustrated the smallest complete parts of an organism, which he called cells. theory that all organisms are made of cells, which are the basic structural units of life.
- #7 The combined work of Schleiden, Schwann, & Virchow make up what is now known as the modern cell theory (cell doctrine)
- #10 In spite of their extremely small size, cells are complex living structure. Cells of the human body have many characteristics in common. However, most cells are also specialized to perform specific functions. The human body is made up of many populations of these specialized cells. The coordinated functions of these populations are critical for complex organisms, such as humans, to survive.
- #11 The cell is the smallest part to which an organism can be reduced that still retains the characteristics of life.
- #12 Cells produce and secretes various molecules that provide protection and support of the body. Example: bone cells produce a mineralized material, making bone a hard tissue that protects vital organs and supports the weight of the body.
- #13 Movements of the body occur because of molecules located within specific cells such as muscle cells.
- #14 Cells produce and receive chemical and electrical signals that allow them to communicate with one another. Example: nerve cells communicate with one another and with muscle cells, causing muscle cells to contract.
- #15 The chemical reactions that occur within cells are referred to collectively as cell metabolism. Energy released during metabolism is used for cell activities, such as the synthesis of new molecules, muscle contraction, heat production, which helps maintain body temperature.
- #16 Each cell contains a copy of the genetic information of the individual. Specia;ized cells, sperm cells and oocytes, transmit the genetic information to the next generation.
- #24 nucleoli /-laɪ/) is the largest structure in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells.[1] It is best known as the site of ribosome biogenesis. Nucleoli also participate in the formation of signal recognition particles and play a role in the cell's response to stress.[2] Nucleoli are made of proteins, DNA and RNA and form around specific chromosomal regions called nucleolar organizing regions.
- #25 The ribosome is a complex molecule made of ribosomal RNA molecules and proteins that form a factory for protein synthesis in cells. ... The ribosome is responsible for translating encoded messages from messenger RNA molecules to synthesize proteins from amino acids.
- #26 The endoplasmic reticulum is, in essence, the transportation system of the eukaryotic cell, and has many other important functions such as protein folding. It is a type of organelle made up of two subunits – rough endoplasmic reticulum, and smooth endoplasmic reticulum
- #27 The Golgi apparatus, or Golgi complex, functions as a factory in which proteins received from the ER are further processed and sorted for transport to their eventual destinations: lysosomes, the plasma membrane, or secretion. In addition, as noted earlier, glycolipids and sphingomyelin are synthesized within the Golgi
- #30 The cytoskeleton is a structure that helps cells maintain their shape and internal organization, and it also provides mechanical support that enables cells to carry out essential functions like division and movement.
- #32 photosynthesis, the process by which green plants and certain other organisms transform light energy into chemical energy. During photosynthesis in green plants, light energy is captured and used to convert water, carbon dioxide, and minerals into oxygen and energy-rich organic compounds.
- #34 You could use sunlight to power a calculator or watch, but you cannot use sunlight directly to provide your cells with energy.
- #35 photosynthesis, the process by which green plants and certain other organisms transform light energy into chemical energy. During photosynthesis in green plants, light energy is captured and used to convert water, carbon dioxide, and minerals into oxygen and energy-rich organic compounds.
- #36 The primary difference between organic vs. inorganic compounds is that organic compounds always contain carbon while most inorganic compounds do not contain carbon.