Cellular wiless communication power point presentation
- 1. Iqra University IU IU Iqra University Cellular Wireless Communication: Past Present and the Future Past, Present and the Future d b S d il Sh h Presented by: Syed Ismail Shah E-mail: [email protected] [email protected] @ g g 1
- 2. Iqra University IU Outline 1) Introduction to Mobile Communication and First Generation Systems 2) Digital Communication and the 2G Systems 3) The 2.5G systems 4) Third Generation Systems 5) Wireless Local Loop 6) O h Wi l S 6) Other Wireless Systems 7) IMT-Advanced (4G) 8) Wi l O t i P ki t 8) Wireless Operators in Pakistan 9) Some Recommendations 2
- 3. Iqra University IU Why Mobile Communication? Question: Why do we need a new technology when h h d l d bli l h k Why Mobile Communication? we have such a developed public telephone network. Answer: Mobility. Confinement Versus Freedom 3
- 4. Iqra University IU Challenges of Mobility Challenges of using a radio channel: ¾ The use of radio channels necessitates methods of sharing them – g channel access. (FDMA, TDMA, CDMA) ¾ The wireless channel – poses a more challenging problem than with wires. ¾Bandwidth: it is possible to add wires but not bandwidth. So it is important to develop technologies that provide for spectrum reuse. ¾Privacy and security - a more difficult issue than with wired phone. ¾Others: low energy (battery), hand off, roaming, etc. 4
- 5. Iqra University IU First Generation Systems ¾ Cellular concept emerges in early 1970s 1970s. ¾ Cellular technology allows frequency-reuse. With this we need to q y have Handoff (handover) ¾ In 1G we had analog voice but Control Link was digital 5
- 6. Iqra University IU Examples of First Generation Cellular Systems (FDMA based) 1) Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS) 2) Narrowband AMPS (NAMPS) 3) Nordic Mobile Telephone (NAMPS) 3) Nordic Mobile Telephone (NAMPS) 4) European Total Access System (ETACS) 5) Japanese TACS (JTACS) 5) Japanese TACS (JTACS) 6) Nippon Telephone and Telegram (NTT) 7) Cordless Telephone 2 (CT2) 6
- 7. First Generation – AMPS and European Total Access Cellular European Total Access Cellular System (ETACS) Parameter AMPS ETACS Multiple Access FDMA FDMA Duplexing FDD FDD Channel Bandwidth 30kHz 25kHz Traffic Channel per RF Channel 1 1 Reverse Channel Frequency 824 – 849 MHz 890 – 915 MHz Reverse Channel Frequency 824 849 MHz 890 915 MHz Forward Channel Frequency 869 – 894 MHz 935 – 960 MHz Voice Modulation FM FM Peak Deviation: Voice Channels ± 12 kHz ± 10 kHz Control/Wideband Data ± 8 kHz ± 6.4 kHz Channel Coding for Data Transmission BCH(40,28) on FC/BCH(48,36) on RC BCH(40,28) on FC/BCH(48,36) on RC Data Rate on Control channel 10kbps 8kbps 7 Spectral Efficiency 0.33 bps/Hz 0.33 bps/Hz Number of Channels 832 1000
- 8. Iqra University IU Digital Communication: Transmitter From Other 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 Analog to Digital Source 1 0 1 1 0 Encrypt 0 1 1 0 1 Multiplex From Other Channels Analog input Digital Converter Bits Encoded Bits Encode Encrypt Encrypted Data p 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 Multiplexed Pulse modulated f Digital Bandpass waveform 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 Data Channel Encoded D t Scrambled data Bit to Sym. & Pulse Modulate waveform waveform Bandpass modulate Channel Encode Data 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 Scrambler 1 0 0 0 1 8 1 0 0 0 1
- 9. Iqra University IU Digital Communication: Digital Communication: Receiver Equalizer, Timing and Bits De-modulate Digital Baseband waveform Digital Bandpass waveform Channel Channel Decoded Data De-scramble Timing and Sym. to Bits Decode 0 1 1 0 1 Descrambled D t d Source De- Descrambled Bits 1 0 0 0 1 Decrypted Bits 1 0 1 1 0 Decrypt Analog output D/A Decoded Bits 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 Source Decode De- Multiplex De- multiplexed Bits 9 output 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 To other Channels
- 10. Iqra University IU Performance Metrics • Analog Communication Systems Analog Communication Systems – Metric is fidelity: want m(t)≈m(t) – SNR typically used as performance metric ^ SNR typically used as performance metric • Digital Communication Systems – Metrics are data rate (R bps) and probability of bit error (Pb=p(b≠b)) ^ – Symbols already known at the receiver – Without noise/distortion/sync. problem, we will 10 never make bit errors
- 11. Iqra University IU Second Generation Cellular Systems (TDMA and CDMA based) 1) GSM (Global System for Mobile) 2) PDC (Personal Digital Cellular) ) ( g ) 3) PHS (Personal Handy System) 4) DAMPS (Digital AMPS) 4) DAMPS (Digital AMPS) 5) CDMAone (IS-95) 6) P l C i i S (PCS) 1900 6) Personal Communication System (PCS)-1900 (IS-136) 11
- 12. Second Generation – Second Generation IS136/CDMA/GSM Parameter IS-136 IS-95 GSM Multiple Access TDMA/FDD CDMA/FDD TDMA/FDD Modulation π/4 DQPSK BPSK GMSK Channel Bandwidth 30 kHz 1.25 MHz 200 kHz Reverse Channel Frequency Band 824 – 849 MHz 1.85 – 1.99 GHz 824 – 849 MHz 1.85 – 1.99 GHz 890 – 915 MHz 1.85 – 1.99 GHz Forward Channel 869 894 MHz 869 894 MHz 935 960 MHz Forward Channel Frequency Band 869 – 894 MHz 1.85 – 1.99 GHz 869 – 894 MHz 1.85 – 1.99 GHz 935 – 960 MHz 1.85 – 1.99 GHz Channel Data Rate 48.6 kbps 1.2288 Mcps 270.83 kbps Carrier Spacing 30 kHz 1.25 MHz 200 KHz Speech Coding VSELP(Vector Sum excited linear prediction) CELP RPE-LTP Users per carrier 3 variable 8 12
- 13. Iqra University IU Second Generation –Benefits ŠHigher Capacity, Mobility ŠEasy frequency planning ŠMAHO (Soft Handoff in CDMA) -Dynamic Channel Allocation (GSM) ) ŠError correction FEC -Single Frequency Band (CDMA) -FEC -Interleaving ŠBetter performance -Low dropped call rate ŠValue-added Services -SMS 13 -Faster switching -Limited data transmission capabilities
- 14. Iqra University IU Second Generation - Success Four operational digital cellular technology: Dec’ 2000 14 Four operational digital cellular technology: Dec’ 2000 Source: EMC Database
- 15. Iqra University IU Evolution to 2 5G Mobile Radio Evolution to 2.5G Mobile Radio Networks (data-centric) 1. High speed circuit switched data (HSCSD): GSM 2. GPRS for 2.5G GSM and IS-136 3 EDGE for 2 5G GSM and IS 136 3. EDGE for 2.5G GSM and IS-136 4. IS95B and CDMA2000 1x 15
- 16. Iqra University IU General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) 16
- 17. Iqra University IU Enhanced Data for Global Evolution (EDGE) Enhanced Data for Global Evolution (EDGE) • EDGE uses 8PSK as opposed to GMSK as a modulation scheme. Essentially squeezing in more data in the available bandwidth. • Data rates closer to 3G. Intended to be used by operators who don’t have a 3G license but wish to deliver higher who don t have a 3G license but wish to deliver higher data rates. • Requires all the radio cards in the existing GSM/GPRS network to be replaced. • Expensive solution to obtain similar data rates to the lowest expected 3G performance. lowest expected 3G performance. • Raw data rate using one GSM carrier can go up to 547.2 kbps (practical 384 kbps) 17
- 18. Iqra University IU IS 95 B and CDMA2000 1x IS 95 B and CDMA2000 1x • The 2.5 G Evolution of IS95 A. • Uses extra codes for increased data rates • Data Rates upto 115.2 kbps • Easy upgrade to CDMA2000 • Intermediate steps to 3G: Intermediate steps to 3G: – CDMA2000 1x, Release 0: Data rates of up to 153 6kbps 153.6kbps – CDMA2000 1x, Release A: Data rates of up to 307.2 kbps 18 307.2 kbps
- 19. Iqra University IU IMT-2000 (3G) • The International Telecommunications Union (ITU) defined the key requirements for International Mobile Telecommunications 2000 (IMT-2000) services. • These requirements were that the system should support data rates of: • 2 Mbps in fixed or in-building environments • 384 kbps in pedestrian or urban environments •144 kbps in wide area mobile environments •144 kbps in wide area mobile environments • IMT-2000 is more commonly known as… 3G. 19
- 20. Iqra University IU Migration Path 2000 2001 2002 2003 Japan PDC W-CDMA Europe America GSM AMPS/D AMPS D AMPS GPRS EDGE HSCSD America AMPS/D-AMPS IS-95A IS-95B D-AMPS CDMA2000 2G System 3G System Easy upgrade Upgrade requiring new modulation Upgrade requiring entire new radio system 20
- 21. Iqra University IU Universal Frequency Reuse Universal Frequency Reuse Universal Frequency Reuse Universal Frequency Reuse Frequency Reuse Factor = 7 for AMPS Frequency Reuse Factor = 7 for AMPS CDMA Universal F R CDMA Universal F R C C B D A A A A Reuse Factor = 7 for AMPS Reuse Factor = 7 for AMPS C B D Frequency Reuse Frequency Reuse C B D G E A B D F G E A A A A A A A A A A B D E A F G A F G E C B D A F A A A A A A A F A F G E A A A A A 21 Frequency Reuse Factor = 4 for TDMA systems
- 22. Iqra University IU CDMA2000 E l ti f 1 RTT t • Evolution of 1x RTT concept • High data rate service which is compatible to IS 95 95 • 1x EVDO: Evolution of the 1x system data optimized p • As in 1x-RTT technology utilizes 1.25 MHz of band • System requires a separate carrier for the data • 2.4 Mbps forward link, 153.3 kbps reverse link • Rev. A: Support for VoIP: 3.1 Mbps FL, 1.8 Mbps RL • New revisions: B and other enhancement 22 • New revisions: B and other enhancement
- 23. Iqra University IU 3G W-CDMA (UMTS) 3G W CDMA (UMTS) • High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) 23 • High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) • HSUPA and HSPA, HSPA+ Phase 1 and 2
- 25. Iqra University IU Timeline: For UMTS and CDMA2000 Timeline: For UMTS and CDMA2000 25
- 26. Iqra University IU 5) Wireless Local Loop 26
- 27. WIRELESS LOCAL LOOP • Definition: A telephone system where subscribers are connected to the public switched telephone network p p using radio signals rather than copper wire for part or all of the communication between the subscriber and the switch switch. • Countries with available elaborate telecommunication infrastructure used it to increase competition C t i ith t il bl l b t t l i ti • Countries without available elaborate telecommunication infrastructure use it for efficient and feasible method of broadband delivery 27
- 28. Iqra University IU Some Countries using CDMA for WLL Algeria, Azerbaijan, Bermuda, Brazil, Cambodia China Col mbia Dem Rep of Some Countries using CDMA for WLL Cambodia, China, Columbia, Dem. Rep. of Congo,Dominican Republic, Egypt, Ethiopia, Fiji G atemala Haiti India Indonesia Fiji, Guatemala, Haiti, India, Indonesia Kenya, Kuwait, Laos, Malaysia, Mauritius, M i M ld N l Ni i P ki t Mexico, Moldova, Nepal, Nigeria, Pakistan, Poland, Puerto Rico, Romania, Russia, U d Uk i Vi t Y Uganda, Ukraine,Vietnam,Yemen 28
- 29. Iqra University IU 6) Other Systems 29
- 30. WIRELESS LOCAL AREA NETWORKS (WLANs) NETWORKS (WLANs) • Network- group of two or more computer systems linked together. Local area networks systems linked together. Local area networks are usually confined to one building. • Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi) Wireless Fidelity (Wi Fi) – 802.11a (DS-SS) became standard (2Mpbs). – 802.11b is common (11Mbps) 2.4 GHz. Also has ( p ) the FH-SS extension. – 802.11g also uses the 2.4 GHz band. Data Rate: 54 b O Mbps. Uses OFDM – 802.11n: Uses OFDM and MIMO 30
- 31. Iqra University IU Other Standards • Long Term Evolution – Initial Deployment in the 700 MHz Frequency Band – Data Rate of tens of Mbps Data Rate of tens of Mbps – Uses OFDM and MIMO • Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMax) Operate in the 2 5 3 5 or 5 8 GHz bands – Operate in the 2.5, 3.5, or 5.8 GHz bands. – Data Rates of tens of Mbps. – Versions: IEEE 802.16d and e with amendments like: 802.16f, g, h, i, j and k – Uses OFDM and MIMO 31 • Variants of both are candidates for IMT-Advanced (4G)
- 32. Iqra University IU 7) IMT-Advanced(4G) 32
- 33. Iqra University IU IMT-Advanced (4G) ( ) • The min requirements for peak spectral efficiencies Downlink peak spectral efficiency is 15 bit/s/Hz – Downlink peak spectral efficiency is 15 bit/s/Hz – Uplink peak spectral efficiency is 6.75 bit/s/Hz. • Six Proposals are under review • Some are based on WiMax 802.16m and some on LTE B h OFDM d MIMO • Both uses OFDM and MIMO • Final Decision by October 2010 33 • Final Decision by October 2010
- 34. Iqra University IU IMT-Advanced (4G): Time-Line Step1 and 2 No.1 No.2 No.3 No.4 No.5 No.6 No.7 No.8 No.9 WP 5D meetings 2008 2009 2010 No.10 2011 ( ) Step1 and 2 Step 3 (0) (1) (20 months) Step 4 (8 months) (16 months) (2) Steps 5,6 and 7 (3) Steps 8 (20 months) Steps in radio interface development process: (4) (12 months) Step 1: Issuance of the circular letter Step 2: Development of candidate RITs and SRITs Step 3: Submission/Reception of the RIT and SRIT proposals Step 5: Review and coordination of outside evaluation activities Step 6: Review to assess compliance with minimum requirements Step 7: Consideration of evaluation results, consensus building and acknowledgement of receipt Step 4: Evaluation of candidate RITs and SRITs by evaluation groups and decision Step 8: Development of radio interface Recommendation(s) Critical milestones in radio interface development process: (0): Issue an invitation to propose RITs March 2008 (2): Cut off for evaluation report to ITU June 2010 (1): ITU proposed cut off for submission October 2009 of candidate RIT and SRIT proposals (3): WP 5D decides framework and key October 2010 characteristics of IMT-Advanced RITs and SRITs (4): WP 5D completes development of radio February 2011 interface specification Recommendations IMT-Advanced A2-01
- 35. Iqra University IU Cellular Technology Roadmap Cellular Technology Roadmap 35
- 36. Iqra University IU 8) Wireless Operators in Pakistan 36
- 37. Iqra University IU Cellular Operators in Pakistan Cellular Operators in Pakistan 1) Mobilink Technology: GSM GPRS EDGE (WiMAx deployment: Technology: GSM, GPRS, EDGE (WiMAx deployment: Infinity) 2) Ufone Technology: GSM, GPRS, EDGE 3) China Mobile Pakistan (CMPak, Paktel): Zong Technology: EGSM GPRS EDGE Technology: EGSM, GPRS, EDGE 4) Warid Technology: GSM, GPRS, EDGE (Associated company Wateen: WiMax) 5) Telenor Technology: GSM GPRS EDGE 37 Technology: GSM, GPRS, EDGE
- 38. Iqra University IU WLL Operators WLL Operators 1) V-PTCLWirless Technology: CDMA2000 EVDO Rev A Technology: CDMA2000, EVDO Rev. A 2) TeleCard Technology: CDMA2000 Technology: CDMA2000 3) WorldCall Technology: CDMA2000, EVDO Rev. A ec o ogy: C 000, V O ev. 4) Diallog (negotiation going on with World Call) Technology: CDMA2000 1x, EVDO gy , 5) SCO Technology: CDMA2000 1x, EVDO (?) 38
- 39. Iqra University IU L t t N (P ki t ) Latest News (Pakistan) • Auction of 3G spectrum???????? p • Only Mobile operators are eligible to bid ?? • Three licenses to be issued?? • Three licenses to be issued?? • Possible (UMTS FDD Band I): – 1920 to 1980 MHz (Up link) – 2110 to 2170 MHz (Down link) • WiMax has been deployed 39
- 40. Iqra University IU Issues with widespread usage of wireless data ‡ Why are new services/mobile content required? Issues with widespread usage of wireless data ‡ Tough competition ‡ Low ARPU ‡ No differentiation in Service Offerings ‡ No differentiation in Service Offerings ‡ Problem: Wh t i ill diff ti t t f th th ? ‡ What services will differentiate one operator from the other? ‡ How would these services be delivered? 40
- 41. Iqra University IU Technologies ‡ 2G: Mainly Voice & SMS ‡ 2.5G: Limited Data Capability ‡ 3G and Beyond: High Speed Data coupled with data centric applications and services 41
- 42. Iqra University IU Ser ices E ol tion With Enriched User E periences Services Evolution With Enriched User Experiences Mobile TV Wallpaper Location Based Services 2D Gaming Mobile TV 3D Gaming Voice Mobile Commerce Ringtones Music & Video D d Services Evolution Paul, Text Messaging MMS Blogging on Demand Paul, How did the meetin g go? Social Networking RSS Feeds & Tagging 42 Send Options
- 43. Iqra University IU Some Recommendations Some Recommendations • Appoint a minister ???????????? • Need to expand our knowledge base • Need to expand our knowledge base • Human resource development (HRD) • Industry-university collaboration: HRD can be a • Industry-university collaboration: HRD can be a starting point • Research: Both relevant like content development p and not so immediately relevant to the current problems faced by the industry in Pakistan. T h l f h h li i • Technology transfer through government policies • Involvement of the private sector in policy making 43 making
- 44. Iqra University IU Thank You 44
- 45. Iqra University IU Thank You For q estions/comments: For questions/comments: E-mail: [email protected] [email protected] 45