Central processing unit
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The document discusses the central processing unit (CPU) and its stack organization. It describes the CPU as having a control unit, arithmetic logic unit (ALU), and registers that store intermediate data during instruction execution. A stack is a storage device that stores items such that the last item stored is first retrieved. In CPU stack organization, a stack pointer register contains the address of the top item in the stack. Items are added to the stack by incrementing the pointer and writing to the new address (push), and removed by reading the top address and decrementing the pointer (pop).
Central processing unit
- 1. Central Processing Unit Stack Organization Central Processing Unit Abhineet Anand Computer Science and Engg. Department University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun November 26, 2012 Abhineet Anand Central Processing Unit
- 2. Central Processing Unit Stack Organization Introduction General Register Organization Execution of Instruction Introduction One of the Major functional part in a digital computer is Central Processing Unit. The main digital hardware functional unit of CPU are control unit, ALU and registers. The register set stores intermediate data used during the execution of the instruction. The ALU performs the required micro-operation for executing the instruction. The control unit supervises the transfer of information among the registers and instruct ALU to perform which operation. Abhineet Anand Central Processing Unit
- 3. Central Processing Unit Stack Organization Introduction General Register Organization Execution of Instruction Central Processing Unit Abhineet Anand Central Processing Unit
- 4. Central Processing Unit Stack Organization Introduction General Register Organization Execution of Instruction General Register Organization Memory locations are needed for storing pointers, counters, return addresses, temporary results, and partial products during multiplication. As memory access is time consuming process better to have those values in processor registers. To have a large nos of registers, it have to connected with a common bus system. It will be part of various micro-operation like arithmetic, logic and shift operation in the processor. Abhineet Anand Central Processing Unit
- 5. Central Processing Unit Stack Organization Introduction General Register Organization Execution of Instruction Execution of Instruction The Control unit that operates the CPU bus system directs the information flow through the registers and ALU by selecting the various components. For example: R1 <- R2 + R3 MUX A selector (SELA): to place the content of R2 into bus A. MUX B selector (SELB): to place the content of R3 into bus B. ALU operation selector (OPR): to provider the arithmetic addition A + B. Decoder destination selector (SELD): to transfer the content of the output bus into R1. Abhineet Anand Central Processing Unit
- 6. Central Processing Unit Stack Organization Introduction General Register Organization Execution of Instruction General Register Organization Abhineet Anand Central Processing Unit
- 7. Central Processing Unit Stack Organization Introduction General Register Organization Execution of Instruction Execution of Instruction The four control selection variables are generated in the control unit and must be available at the beginning of a clock cycle. The buses are implemented with multiplexers or three-state gates. Abhineet Anand Central Processing Unit
- 8. Central Processing Unit Stack Organization Introduction Register Stack Introduction A useful feature that is included in the CPU of most computer is a Stack. A Stack is a storage device that stores information in such a manner that the item stored last is first item retrieved. The stack in digital computers is essentially a memory unit with an address register - called stack pointer(SP). The two operation of a stack are the insertion and deletion of items i.e. push and pop. Abhineet Anand Central Processing Unit
- 9. Central Processing Unit Stack Organization Introduction Register Stack Register Stack A stack can be placed in a portion of a large memory or registers. A stack pointer register(SP) contains a binary number whose value is equal to the address of the word that is currently on the top of the stack. Abhineet Anand Central Processing Unit
- 10. Central Processing Unit Stack Organization Introduction Register Stack Register Stack Suppose, three items are placed in the stack : A, B, and C. Item C is on the top of the stack so that the content of SP is indicating to the address of C. To remove the top item, the stack is popped by reading the memory word and decrement the content of SP. Now, B is on the top. To insert a new item, the stack is pushed by incrementing SP and writing a word in the next-higher location of the stack. Abhineet Anand Central Processing Unit
- 11. Central Processing Unit Stack Organization Introduction Register Stack THANK YOU Abhineet Anand Central Processing Unit