CERVICAL CANCER PRESENTED BY SCIENTIST SAMUEL MAGDALENE CHIOMA DEPARTMENT OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE SUPERVISOR: SCIENTIST Abah

CERVICAL CANCER PRESENTED BY SCIENTIST SAMUEL MAGDALENE CHIOMA DEPARTMENT OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE SUPERVISOR: SCIENTIST Abah

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  CERVICAL CANCER PRESENTED BY SCIENTISTSAMUEL MAGDALENE CHIOMA DEPARTMENT OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE SUPERVISOR: SCIENTIST ZAINAB December, 2023
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  OUTLINE  Introduction  Types Epidemiology  Risk factors  Signs and Symptoms  Stages  Laboratory diagnosis  Treatment  Prevention
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  INTRODUCTION Cervical cancer isa malignant tumor deriving from cells of the cervix, which is the lower part the neck of the womb that connects to the vagina . It is due to the abnormal growth of cells that have the ability to invade or spread to other parts of the body. It develops slowly and starts as a precancerous condition called dysplasia. (National cancer institute, 2022).
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  TYPES OF CERVICALCANCER The three main types are: 1.Squamous cell carcinoma 2. Adenocarcinoma 3. Adeno-squamous carcinoma
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  EPIDEMIOLOGY  Cervical canceris the third most common malignancy in women world wide. In 2018 worldwide with an estimated 570000 cases and 311000 deaths. Approximately 85% of the worldwide deaths from cervical cancer occurs in underdeveloped or developing countries and the death rate is 18times higher in low income and middle income countries compared to the wealthier countries. (Mattiuzzi C et al.,2020.)  Nigeria has a population of 60.9 million women ages 15 years and older who are at risk of developing cervical cancer. Current estimates indicates that every year 12075 women are diagnosed with cervical cancer and 7968 die from it.  In FMC Jalingo between 2022-2023 there has been estimate of 10 diagnosed cases of cervical cancer in women between the age of 30-
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  ETIOLOGY Human papilloma virus(HPV) is the cause of approximately 90% of all cervical cancers. HPV is a group of more than 200 related viruses. HPV 16 and 18 are responsible for causing cervical cancer. HPV have two proteins known as E6 and E7 which turn off some tumor suppressor genes. This allow the cells lining the cervix to grow too much and develop changes, which in some cases leads to cervical cancer. Once high-risk HPV infects cells in the cervix, it interferes with the ways in which these cells communicate with one another, causing infected cells to multiply in an uncontrolled manner. (Romero et al;2022).
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  RISK FACTORS 1. Smokingtobacco 2. Increasing number of sexual partners 3. Early sexual activity 4. Other transmittable infection 5. A weakened immune system 6. Exposure to miscarriage prevention medicine 7. Taking birth contraceptive (mayo foundation for medical education and research ,2023)
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  SIGNS AND SYMTOMS 1.Viginalbleeding after intercourse, between period or after menopause. 2. Menstrual bleeding that is heavier and longer than usual. 3.Discharge that is watery and has a stronger odor or that contains blood. 4.Difficulty or painful bowel movement. 5.Difficult or painful urination or blood in the urine 6. Dull backache 7.Swelling of the leg 8.Pain the abdomen
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  • IIIA • IIIB •IIIC • IVA • IVB • IIA • IIB • IA • IB Stage I Stage II Stage III Stage IV STAGES OF CERVICAL CANCER
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  STAGE 1 CERVICALCANCER In stage I, cervical cancerhas formed and is found in thecervixonly. It is divided into stages IA and IB, based on the size of the tumorand the deepest point of tumor invasion STAGE 11 CERVICAL CANCER In stage II, cervical cancerhas spread to the upper two-thirds of thevaginaor to the tissuearound theuterus STAGE 111 CERVICAL CANCER In stage III, cervicalcancerhas spread to the lower third of thevagina and/or to the pelvic wall, and/or has caused kidneyproblems, and/or involveslymph nodes STAGE IV CERVICAL CANCER In stage IV(also known as metastatic cancer), cervical cancerhas spread beyond thepelvis, or has spread to the lining of the bladder or rectum, or has spread to other parts of the body, such as theliver, lungs, bones, or distantlymph nodes. Ht (Bhatla N, et al. 2019).
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  LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS Regular gynecologicalscreening with a Pap test can detect most cases of cervical cancer. Pap test or Pap smear: is a test where cells are collected from the cervix for cytological examination. These are examined for signs of precancers or other irregularities in the cervix.
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  Biopsy: biopsy forhistological examination is also done by taking a sample of the tissue if cancer is suspected. There are many techniques that can be used to obtain the tissue, like punch biopsy or endocervical curettage. If biopsy confirms cancer further test will determine whether the disease has spread(metastasized). This test many include; 1.Kidney and liver function test 2.Blood and urine test 3.Xray of your bladder, rectum bowel and abdominal cavity https://my.cleavelandclinic.org
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  TREATMENT The treatment ofcervical cancer involves several factors which includes type, stage, patients’ preference and health and possible effects. The five (5) main treatment include 1.Surgery 2.Chemotherapy 3.Radiation therapy 4.Targeted therapy 5.Immunotherapy
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  PREVENTION OF CERVICALCANCER 1.Getting screened regularly (routine cervical cancer screening) with a Pap test/smear or HPV test. 2.Getting vaccinated with the vaccines GARDASIL 9 and Cervarix. 3.Limit the number of sexual partners you have 4.Use of condom. https://www.healthline.com/health/cervical cancer.
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  RECOMMENDATION  Priority shouldbe given to screening for cervical cancer for women aged 30- 49 years every 3 years because they are at higher risk of getting cervical cancer.  HPV vaccination should be provided to young female individual in the population ages 11-18.  Awareness should also be created especially in rural areas cities and villages, and hospitals wards through the use of pictorial posters, banners informing women of the danger and effects of cervical cancer and also informing them of the importance of screening (pap test and HPV test) of cervical cancer. https://www.acog.org/womens-health/faqs/cervical- cancer-screening
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  CONCLUSION Cervical cancer isthe third most common cancer in women. But when diagnosed early cervical cancer is one of the most treatable cancers as long as it is detected early and managed effectively. The overall knowledge of women toward cervical cancer and its prevention are inadequate and those who have heard about it are not fully involved in testing for it due to cost of the testing especially those below the average standard of living hence women of poorer communities are mostly affected by the disease. So cancer control programs should be organized especially in rural areas so as to create awareness of cervical, how to prevent, treat and manage it, and possibly run free testing for women.
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  REFERENCES National cancer institute(2022).Cervical Cancer Treatment. National Centre for Immunization Research and Surveillance(2023). Human Papillomavirus. Wang X, Huang X, Zhang Y(2018). Involvement of Human Papillomavirus in Cervical Cancer,9:2896. Romero- masters JC, Lambert PF, Munger K.(2022). Molecular Mechanism of Mmupvi E6 and E8 and Implication of Human diseases. Viruses,28;14(10). Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research (MFMER) 2023. Bhatla N, et al. (2019). Revised FIGO Staging of Carcinomas of the Cervix Uteri Int J gynecology and obstetrics , 1-7. Mattiuzzi C, Lippi G, 2022. Cancer Statistics: a comparison between World Health Organization (WHO) and Global Burden Disease (GBD),30:1026-7. Histopathology Laboratory, Federal Medical Centre, Jalingo Taraba State 2022-2023.