CFHT proposed Maunakea Spectroscopic Explorer

MAUNAKEA
SPECTROSCOPIC
EXPLORER

1
CONTENTS
Making rainbows on Maunakea: What is MSE?........................................................................................................... 2
Inside the science: The motivating science of MSE.................................................................................................... 4
Strategic science: MSE as a complement to other astronomy missions............................................................. 6
Inspired designs: Engineering MSE................................................................................................................................. 8
The benefits of a team: Joining the MSE team...........................................................................................................10
Sound science, financial feasibility: Cost, schedule and management of MSE...............................................12
A commitment to the people: CFHT’s community legacy in the world of MSE...............................................14
The legacy lives on: MSE as a growth of CFHT...........................................................................................................16

2 3
MAKING
THE UNIVERSE, IN COLOR KEY MSE CAPABILITIES
THE RAINBOW, “THE BRIDGE OF THE
GODS”, PROVED TO BE THE BRIDGE TO OUR
UNDERSTANDING OF LIGHT .
ISAAC ASIMOV
MSE represents an innovative, comprehensive upgrade of the iconic 3.6m
Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope (CFHT), that will tackle the key questions
in astronomy in the 2020s and beyond, and operated within an expanded
international partnership.
Building on the successful legacy of
the CFHT − a pioneering 3.6 meter
primary mirror telescope perched
atop Maunakea, on Hawaii’s Big
Island − the Maunakea Spectroscopic
Explorer (MSE) will provide the world
with a uniquely important research
capability.
MSE represents the realization
of a long-held aspiration of the
international astronomy community: a
large optical and near-infrared facility
dedicated to obtaining the spectra
of many thousands of astronomical
targets per hour.
More simply put, MSE spreads the
light from every object that it observes
into a rainbow of color - and it has the
ability to look at thousands of objects
simultaneously. Each rainbow (or
spectrum), contains information about
what that object is made of and how
that object is moving.
Through the accumulation of large
datasets of spectra, MSE will answer
fundamental questions about the
formation of stars and galaxies, all by
examining the colors in each spectrum
in exquisite detail.
From its outset, MSE has been
designed to become a world-leading
surveyor of the sky, with the capacity
to observe nearly 1 million objects
per month, every month for the life of
the telescope. The potential for new
discoveries is immense.
At the same time, MSE leverages its
CFHT predecessor’s prime equatorial
location – from which it can observe
more than three quarters of the entire
sky – to observe the Universe from
one of the highest quality sites for
optical astronomy on the planet.
SURVEY SPEED AND SENSITIVITY:
MSE will have the largest primary
mirror of telescopes in its class
(11.25m) and a very wide field of
view (1.5 square degree). These
characteristics are essential to
enable surveys of the faintest
science targets spread over very
large areas of the sky.
RAINBOWS
SPECTRAL PERFORMANCE AND
MULTIPLEXING: MSE will be sensitive
from ultra-violet, through optical, to
near-infrared wavelengths, and it will
obtain spectra for over 4,000 objects in a
single exposure.
Of these, approximately 1,000 objects
are observed at very high wavelength
resolution, suitable for probing the
composition of stars in our Galaxy,
while approximately 3,000 objects are
observed at lower wavelength resolution,
suitable for probing the composition and
velocities of the faintest sources such as
distant galaxies.
DEDICATED AND SPECIALIZED
OPERATIONS: MSE is designed to do
just one thing – obtain spectra – but to
do it exceedingly well, and with very
high efficiency.
This degree of specialization ensures
a level of stability and repeatability
that will allow MSE to maximize
its scientific output and offers the
potential for a vast range of new
discoveries.

4 5
DARK MATTER, BRIGHT FUTURE
COSMIC NUCLEOSYNTHESIS AND THE CHEMICAL
EVOLUTION OF THE GALAXY
GALAXIES AND THE LARGE-SCALE STRUCTURE
OF THE UNIVERSE
THE GROWTH OF SUPERMASSIVE BLACK HOLES
THE SPECIALIZED TECHNICAL
CAPABILITIES PROVIDED BY
MSE ENABLE AN ENORMOUS
DIVERSITY OF EXCITING
SCIENCE, TACKLING QUESTIONS
ABOUT STARS AND PLANETS
THROUGH TO GALAXIES,
COSMOLOGY, AND THE NATURE
OF DARK MATTER AND DARK
ENERGY. THE MOTIVATING
SCIENCE FOR MSE HAS NEVER
BEEN MORE COMPELLING
THAN IT IS RIGHT NOW.
The majority of matter in the Universe
is not like the stuff that we, or all the
objects visible in space, are made
of. Rather, most of the matter in
the Universe is in the form of what
astronomers call ‘dark matter’.
Very little is known about dark matter,
in large part because it does not emit
any light...hence the name. It does,
however, interact with normal matter
through gravity, and it is here that MSE
is poised to play a very powerful role.
MSE will measure the velocities of
millions of objects throughout the
Universe – from the smallest dwarf
galaxies up to the most massive
super-clusters of galaxies – all of which
are moving under the influence of
surrounding dark matter. In this way,
MSE will be the ultimate facility to
take an astrophysical measure of dark
matter, and will literally weigh
the Universe.
At the center of every galaxy lurks a
supermassive black-hole, millions or
even billions of times larger than the
Sun, from which nothing can escape.
The formation and growth of these
most enigmatic objects are intrinsically
linked to the formation and evolution
of the surrounding galaxy. MSE will
measure the mass of thousands of
supermassive black holes in thousands
of galaxies – a dramatic increase over
the number of current measurements .
These data will allow scientists to trace
the growth of supermassive black
holes through cosmic time, charting
the co-evolution of a galaxy and its
central black hole “engine”.
MSE is the premier astronomical
facility for understanding the cosmic
origins of the elements of the periodic
table. It is the only facility that will
probe the chemical evolution of the
Galaxy at the very earliest times
through direct measurements of
the chemical abundances of stars
in all regions of the Milky Way. The
combination of MSE spectroscopy
and measurements from the Gaia
satellite will have a lasting impact in
our understanding of the origins of
our Galactic home.
Galaxies exist within a vast and
complex cosmic web. The structure
of this web has been mapped
observationally and can be explained
with impressive accuracy using
modern cosmological theory.
However, how can we explain
the vast diversity of galaxy types
that we observe within this web?
MSE will begin a new era in our
understanding of the evolution of
galaxies, by linking their formation
and evolution to the large-scale
structure of the Universe.
INSIDE THE SCIENCE

6 7
A NEW GENERATION OF ASTRONOMY
FACILITIES IS NOW COMING
ONLINE WHICH, TOGETHER, WILL
IDENTIFY LITERALLY BILLIONS OF
NEW OBJECTS, USING IMAGING
CAPABILITIES FROM X-RAY TO RADIO
WAVELENGTHS.
MSE will perfom a key role in this emerging network
of astronomical facilities, serving astronomers as an
essential follow-up resource for the current and next
generation of multi-wavelength imaging surveys slated
to be active throughout the 2020s. These surveys
include – but are not limited to! – the Large Synoptic
Survey Telescope, Gaia, Euclid, WFIRST, the Square
Kilometre Array, and the Next Generation Very Large
Array, collectively representing several billions of
dollars of investment in astronomy’s future.
By providing much needed optical and near-infrared
spectroscopy for the plethora of objects detected in
next generation imaging surveys, MSE can filter down
these enormous datasets, by helping to identify the
smaller number of objects exhibiting particularly
unusual characteristics. This subset of sources can
then be referred for more detailed study by specialized
facilities, such as the Thirty Meter Telescope, the
Giant Magellan Telescope, and the Extremely
Large Telescope.
PRECISION
ASTROMETRY AND
PHOTOMETRY FROM
SPACE: THE GAIA
MISSION
SPACE-BASED OPTICAL AND
NEAR-INFRARED IMAGING:
THE EUCLID MISSION
RADIO ASTRONOMY: THE
SQUARE KILOMETER ARRAY
GROUND-BASED OPTICAL
AND NEAR-INFRARED
IMAGING: THE LARGE
SYNOPTIC SURVEY TELESCOPE
GROUND-BASED OPTICAL
AND NEAR-INFRARED
IMAGING: THE LARGE
SYNOPTIC SURVEY TELESCOPE
STRATEGIC
SCIENCE

8 9
DESIGN EVOLUTION
MSE will be a state-of-the-art observatory inspired
by the latest technical advancements made by other
top astronomical facilities around the world. MSE will
build on the knowledge and experience gained from
CFHT’s four decades of successful operation atop
Maunakea. This development philosophy minimizes
costs and risk, while ensuring an efficient and
cohesive design.
By upgrading the summit facility of CFHT, MSE
will continue to use a proven site with well-
established infrastructure. The outer building will
be reconfigured to improve workflow and facilitate
thermal management, while reusing existing
equipment to the greatest extent possible. The
inner pier remains as the main support structure,
providing a stable environment to accommodate the
telescope, high resolution spectrographs, and mirror
coating laboratory.
ENGINEERING
MSE
THE MAIN STRUCTURE: MSE will be housed in a
Calotte style dome enclosure; a design that maximizes
strength while minimizing structural mass.
The telescope structure is equally efficient due to
its high stiffness-to-mass ratio space-frame design.
The design promotes ventilation to eliminate the
thermally-induced turbulence that would otherwise
degrade performance, and thereby maintains the
exceptional image quality of the site.
INSPIRED DES IGNS
THE TELESCOPE: A prime-focus configuration was
adopted after an extensive trade study comparing
the merits of four different optical variations. The
study examined system level attributes, optical
performance, cost and risk. The adopted prime-
focus configuration is an Alt-Az segmented mirror
telescope with 60 segments and an integrated
hexapod that supports the top-end system essential
to observing 4,332 targets simultaneously.
The MSE top-end system is composed of a high
throughput wide-field corrector, field de-rotator,
fibreoptic positioners and fibreoptic bundles. 4,332
positioners provide full-field coverage, and are
capable of placing all fibreoptic inputs to within six
micron accuracy. The fibreoptic bundles deliver light
collected at prime focus to the spectrographs below.
The fibre positioning system was selected after an
exhaustive down-select process analogous to the
telescope optical configuration study.
THE SPECTROGRAPHS: Two sets of spectrographs
are required for MSE: one group of six for low/
moderate resolution measurements, and a group
of two for high-resolution measurements. The
spectrograph designs are the result of collaborative
efforts between scientists and engineers given
challenging constraints on multiplexing, spectral
coverage, and detector formats.

10 11
As a partner in MSE, astronomers can participate in
defining, proposing, obtaining and analyzing multi-year,
legacy datasets. These community-wide programs are
expected to be solicited from the partners on a yearly or
bi-yearly basis, with a handful of programs under
observation at any time.
Smaller, strategic survey programs will also be solicited
from partners more frequently, to occupy the remainder
of available telescope time. With their more limited scope
and shorter duration, these programs will take advantage
of MSE’s unique capabilities, but without requiring the
extensive multi-year allocations of the legacy surveys.
The combination of legacy and strategic programs
ensures that MSE partners are always conducting leading
edge science defined and led by astronomers in their
research community.
A significant proprietary period on all data obtained by MSE
prior to worldwide release will ensure the scientific results
achieved by astronomers in the MSE partnership are,
quite literally, years ahead of their colleagues elsewhere.
Entering the preliminary design phase, the MSE team includes Australia, Canada, China,
France, Hawaii and India. Spain also played a key design role in earlier phases of the project.
Numerous work packages and contracts are available to MSE partners. MSE uses advanced
systems, opto-mechanical, mechanical and software engineering to deliver a state-of-the-art
scientific research facility. The work, taken together, is the design and manufacture of an
entire observatory system including environmental, safety, building, enclosure, telescope,
instrument and data subsystems.
MSE is being developed through close collaboration between scientists, engineers, academia,
government and industry, and it provides cutting edge opportunities for all these sectors.
MSE IS DESIGNED TO BECOME A KEY TOOL FOR SURVEYING THE COSMOS, OBSERVING THE SPECTRA
OF MANY MILLIONS OF ASTRONOMICAL OBJECTS. ALL MSE PARTNERS GAIN ACCESS TO THAT
UNIQUE AND RICH DATASET, FOR IMMEDIATE SCIENTIFIC USE BY THE MSE RESEARCH COMMUNITY.
THE BENEFITS OF
A TEAM: JOINING THE
MSE TEAM
CURRENT MSE PARTICIPANTS
FRANCE
CHINA
CANADA
INDIA
AUSTRALIA
HAWAII

13
MSE has successfully completed the conceptual design and
is actively establishing funding for the preliminary design
phase, scheduled for 2019/20. MSE is managed as a cost-
capped project (currently $313 million, 2018 economics),
with regular cost and scope reviews built into its schedule.
Following the end of preliminary design, the project will
transition to the construction phase, including final design
and fabrication work for each of the subsystems, followed
by the assembly, integration, testing and commissioning
(AIVC) on Maunakea.
FINANCIAL FEASIBILITY
SOUND
SCIENCE
SCHEDULED FOR SUCCESS
The budget and scope of MSE are under the
exclusive control of the MSE Management
Group, a body that ensures all participants in the
preconstruction phase of the project have an equal
voice in the financial, administrative and oversight
aspects of the project.
Two major milestones must first be achieved prior to the construction phase. First, land authorization for long-term
continuation of astronomy on Maunakea, under which all Maunakea telescopes operate, must be renewed – a process
that is underway now. Second, the MSE partnership must agree to fund and initiate the construction phase. The current
schedule anticipates achieving both of these milestones by mid-2021, leading to full science operations commencing in
August 2026.
2017 2018 20202019 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026
CONCEPTUAL DESIGN PRELIMINARY DESIGN FINAL DESIGN AIVC
UH LAND
AUTHORIZATION
CONSTRUCTION
SCIENCE
OPERATIONS
PROGRAM SOFTWARE
HR SPECTROGRAPHS
LM SPECTROGRAPHS
TELESCOPE OPTICAL FEEDBACK
SCIENCE CALIBRATION
FIBRE POSITIONER
FIBRE TRANSMISSION
OBSERVING SOFTWARE
TELESCOPE M1
TELESCOPE TOP END
TELESCOPE STRUCTURE
BUILDING AND FACILIITIES
ENCLOSURE
PROJECT OFFICE
MSE COST ESTIMATE
12
On all matters affecting science capability, the
Management Group acts with the advice of the
MSE Science Advisory Group, a group of scientists
with representation from across the spectrum of
MSE participants.
MSE reduces risk via the selection of engineering
solutions with proven track records. This core
strategy is especially successful for all aspects of
the infrastructure of the observatory (the telescope
mount, the primary mirror, enclosure, and building).
MSE’s main science instruments – the fibreoptic
positioners, fibreoptic transmission system, the
two main spectrograph systems, and the observing
preparation and data reduction software – contains
elements that must push the boundaries of their
associated technologies in order to meet the
challenging science objectives. These elements
include the production of high transparency and
high numerical aperture fibreoptics, and the design
of large, high performance, spectrographs.
Current cost estimates assign nearly half of the total
budget to the science instruments of MSE. The MSE
team will achieve its engineering objectives through
innovative solutions, techniques, and knowledge,
being developed and shared between those who
join the challenge.

14 15
MSE benefits from CFHT’s 40 years of experience on
Maunakea and a support staff deeply rooted in the Hawaii
Island community. By hosting numerous outreach events
and activities, CFHT actively engages the local Big Island
community to share our understanding of the cosmos and
to inspire young people to pursue education in fields of
science, technology, engineering and math (STEM).
MSE will continue CFHT’s outreach goals and methods,
strengthening our ties to the broad community, both locally
in Hawaii and across the partnership. MSE will maintain
the deep connections CFHT has cultivated with the local
educational community and workforce development
programs. These connections will help local students,
parents and educators to understand the scientific and
engineering jobs that exist inside an observatory, with
the goal of inspiring Hawaii students to remain in the
STEM fields. It is the hope of MSE that these students will
stay in Hawaii to work in the observatory community and
participate in other high tech industries.
At the same time, MSE will offer ample opportunities for
students outside of Hawaii to learn about astronomy by
facilitating observatory visits, either in person or remotely.
When CFHT staff attend conferences, they make an effort
to engage with local students from elementary to graduate
CFHT’S COMMUNITY LEGACY
IN THE WORLD OF MSE
A
COMMITMENT
TO THE PEOPLE:
level. CFHT offers virtual visits and talks by staff to students
and the general public around the world. MSE is committed
to expanding these efforts to engage more students and
communities within the partnership community. We
envisage MSE will host visiting graduate and undergraduate
students to work alongside observatory staff on a variety
of projects from astronomical research, engineering
development to computer science.
In all its endeavours, MSE will remain deeply committed to
balancing cultural and environmental considerations, from
the design and operation of the observatory itself, in our
realization of the new MSE partnership.

THE LEGACY LIVES ON
Located on the breathtaking summit of Maunakea,
CFHT has long enjoyed arguably the best site for
optical astronomy on the planet. MSE retains
and reuses as much of the existing physical
infrastructure as possible, both on the summit and
at the headquarters in Waimea.
As much as MSE builds on the same physical
infrastructure of CFHT, so too does it build on the
successes of CFHT’s expert staff and operations.
Over the past decade, this staff has been the
vanguard for establishing operational procedures
optimized for large, multi-year, survey programs.
They were the first major optical astronomy facility
to move to queue-scheduled observing, greatly
increasing the efficiency of the facility and showing
the way for other observatories, including MSE.
In tandem with their development of queue-based
operational procedures, CFHT realized early on that
the staff who operate and maintain instruments
are often the best-placed to process the data when
it first comes off the telescope. In so doing, the
observatory provides science-ready data products
to its users. This approach is fundamentally
necessary when dealing with the specialized, large
datasets that MSE will produce on a nightly basis.
Through innovative engineering MSE will fit
within the existing envelope of CFHT, enabling
revolutionary new science while minimizing any
impact to the environment. CFHT will be the first
observatory to be recycled in this way and is a
leading example of how to apply careful planning
and advanced engineering methods to protect
sensitive astronomy sites. In the same way
CFHT’s local workforce will learn and grow with
MSE to offer even more outstanding careers and
educational opportunities.
MSE celebrates, is thankful for, and will continue
the legacy of CFHT.
PHOTO CREDITS:
Page 2: Maunakea Rainbow image: Bryan Carnathan and The-Digital-Picture.com Page 5: Hercules A (the image associated with “Supermassive Black Holes”): NASA, ESA, S.
Baum and C. O’Dea (RIT), R. Perley and W. Cotton (NRAO/AUI/NSF), and the Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/AURA); Illustris image (the image associated with Dark Matter): The
Illustris Collaboration; Gaia density map (image associated with Chemical Evolution): ESA/Gaia/DPAC/CU5/CU8/DPCI/F. De Angeli, D.W. Evans, M. Riello, M. Fouesneau, R.
Andrae, C.A.L. Bailer-Jones Page 7: LSST facility image: Todd Mason, Mason Productions Inc. / LSST Corporation; Euclid image: Artist impression based on the CAD drawings by
Thales Alenia Space, Italy and Airbus (Defence and Space), France.- © ESA; Gaia image: ESA–D. Ducros, 2013; SKA image: SKA Organisation
Version 1.0 March 2018

MSE Management Group Chair:
Patrick Hall
chair@mse.cfht.hawaii.edu
MSE Project Scientist:
Alan McConnachie
mcconnachie@mse.cfht.hawaii.edu
MSE Project Manager:
Kei Szeto
szeto@mse.cfht.hawaii.edu
MSE Website:
http://mse.cfht.hawaii.edu
Detailed Science Case:
https://arxiv.org/abs/1606.00043

CFHT proposed Maunakea Spectroscopic Explorer

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