Ch. 1 sci. method pres.

Ch. 1 sci. method pres.

• 1.
  Lesson Overview What IsScience? Lesson Overview 1.1 What Is Science?
• 2.
  Lesson Overview What IsScience? Science as a Way of Knowing Science is an organized way of gathering and analyzing evidence about the natural world. For example, researchers can use science to answer questions about how whales communicate, how far they travel, and how they are affected by environmental changes.
• 3.
  Lesson Overview What IsScience? Observing and Asking Questions Scientific investigations begin with observation, the act of noticing and describing events or processes in a careful, orderly way. For example, researchers observed that marsh grass grows taller in some places than others. This observation led to a question: Why do marsh grasses grow to different heights in different places?
• 4.
  Lesson Overview What IsScience? Inferring and Forming a Hypothesis After posing questions, scientists use further observations to make inferences, or logical interpretations based on what is already known. Inference can lead to a hypothesis, or a scientific explanation for a set of observations that can be tested in ways that support or reject it.
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  Lesson Overview What IsScience? Inferring and Forming a Hypothesis For example, researchers inferred that something limits grass growth in some places. Based on their knowledge of salt marshes, they hypothesized that marsh grass growth is limited by available nitrogen.
• 6.
  Lesson Overview What IsScience? Designing Controlled Experiments Testing a scientific hypothesis often involves designing an experiment that keeps track of various factors that can change, or variables. Examples of variables include temperature, light, time, and availability of nutrients. Controlled experiment – experiment in which only one variable is changed (all other variables are controlled) Whenever possible, a hypothesis should be tested by a controlled experiment.
• 7.
  Lesson Overview What IsScience? Controlling Variables It is important to control variables because if several variables are changed in the experiment, researchers can’t easily tell which variable is responsible for any results they observe. The variable that is deliberately changed is called the independent variable (also called the manipulated variable). The variable that is observed and that changes in response to the independent variable is called the dependent variable (also called the responding variable).
• 8.
  Lesson Overview What IsScience? Control and Experimental Groups Typically, an experiment is divided into control and experimental groups. A control group is exposed to the same conditions as the experimental group except for one independent variable. Scientists set up several sets of control and experimental groups to try to reproduce or replicate their observations.
• 9.
  Lesson Overview What IsScience? Designing Controlled Experiments For example, the researchers selected similar plots of marsh grass. All plots had similar plant density, soil type, input of freshwater, and height above average tide level. The plots were divided into control and experimental groups. The researchers added nitrogen fertilizer (the independent variable) to the experimental plots. They then observed the growth of marsh grass (the dependent variable) in both experimental and control plots.
• 10.
  Lesson Overview What IsScience? Collecting and Analyzing Data Scientists record experimental observations, gathering information called data. There are two main types of data: quantitative data and qualitative data.
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  Lesson Overview What IsScience? Collecting and Analyzing Data Quantitative data are numbers obtained by counting or measuring. In the marsh grass experiment, it could include the number of plants per plot, plant sizes, and growth rates.
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  Lesson Overview What IsScience? Collecting and Analyzing Data Qualitative data are descriptive and involve characteristics that cannot usually be counted. In the marsh grass experiment, it might include notes about foreign objects in the plots, or whether the grass was growing upright or sideways.
• 13.
  Lesson Overview What IsScience? The Scientific Method: The Heart of Science The Scientific method involves: • observing and asking questions • making inferences and forming hypotheses • conducting controlled experiments • collecting and analyzing data • drawing conclusions
• 14.
  Lesson Overview What IsScience? Research Tools Scientists choose appropriate tools for collecting and analyzing data. Tools include simple devices such as metersticks, sophisticated equipment such as machines that measure nitrogen content, and charts and graphs that help scientists organize their data.
• 15.
  Lesson Overview What IsScience? Research Tools This graph shows how grass height changed over time.
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  Lesson Overview What IsScience? Research Tools In the past, data were recorded by hand. Today, researchers typically enter data into computers, which make organizing and analyzing data easier.
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  Lesson Overview What IsScience? Sources of Error Researchers must be careful to avoid errors in data collection and analysis. Tools used to measure the size and weight of marsh grasses, for example, have limited accuracy. Data analysis and sample size must be chosen carefully. The larger the sample size, the more reliably researchers can analyze variation and evaluate differences between experimental and control groups.
• 18.
  Lesson Overview What IsScience? Drawing Conclusions Scientists use experimental data as evidence to support, refute, or revise the hypothesis being tested, and to draw a valid conclusion.
• 19.
  Lesson Overview What IsScience? Analysis showed that marsh grasses grew taller than controls by adding nitrogen.
• 20.
  Lesson Overview What IsScience? Drawing Conclusions New data may indicate that the researchers have the right general idea but are wrong about a few particulars. In that case, the original hypothesis is reevaluated and revised; new predictions are made, and new experiments are designed. Hypotheses may have to be revised and experiments redone several times before a final hypothesis is supported and conclusions can be drawn.
• 21.
  Lesson Overview What IsScience? When Experiments Are Not Possible It is not always possible to test a hypothesis with an experiment. In some of these cases, researchers devise hypotheses that can be tested by observations. Animal behavior researchers, for example, might want to learn how animal groups interact in the wild by making field observations that disturb the animals as little as possible. Researchers analyze data from these observations and devise hypotheses that can be tested in different ways.
• 22.
  Lesson Overview What IsScience? When Experiments Are Not Possible Sometimes, ethics prevents certain types of experiments—especially on human subjects. For example, medical researchers who suspect that a chemical causes cancer, for example, would search for volunteers who have already been exposed to the chemical and compare them to people who have not been exposed to the chemical. The researchers still try to control as many variables as possible, and might exclude volunteers who have serious health problems or known genetic conditions. Medical researchers always try to study large groups of subjects so that individual genetic differences do not produce misleading results.