Ch 6 Powerpoint
- 1. Self in a Social World Chapter 6
- 2. THE SELF Self = our impressions + thoughts + feelings SCHEMA: A set of beliefs and feelings about something. Examples include stereotypes, prejudices and generalizations. Parts of the Self: Physical, Social, and Personal. Activity: Now take out a piece of paper and fold it into 4 sections. Write your name in one section.
- 3. PHYSICAL SELF Physical Self: Ones’ psychological sense of one’s physical being (ex. height, weight, hair color, race, and physical skill). How is it linked to self-esteem? Our adjustment to traits that are mostly permanent , such as height, sex & race, is closely linked to self-acceptance/esteem. However, other traits such as weight, fitness and hair style can be modified. What are your “Physical Self” traits?
- 4. SOCIAL SELF Social Self: The social roles one plays— student, worker, husband, mother, citizen, leader, and etc. Roles and masks are adaptive responses to the social situation. However, when our entire lives are played behind masks, it may be difficult to discover true inner selves. What are some of the social roles you play?
- 5. PERSONAL SELF Personal Self: One’s private, continuous sense of being oneself in the world. Personal Self includes values, ethics, your name, self-concept, self-esteem and the ideal-self Ethics: Standards for behavior. A system of beliefs from which one derives standards for behavior. What are some of your values and ethics? Now write your name or a name you identify with in the last section of your paper.
- 6. WHAT’S IN A NAME? Names can influence many things…such as physical attractiveness and assumptions people may place on us. Nicknames can reflect our attitudes towards ourselves…(ex. Robert versus Bob versus Bobby).
- 7. SELF-CONCEPT Self-Concept: Perception of oneself including one’s traits and an evaluation of those traits. The self-concept includes one’s self-esteem and one’s ideal self . Self-Esteem: Self-approval. One’s self-respect or favorable opinion of oneself. Self-esteem is neither fixed nor unchangeable. Though relatively stable over time, self-esteem can fluctuate, for better or worse. Ideal self: One’s perception of what one “ought” to be and do. Also called the self-ideal.
- 8. IDENTITY STATUSES Identity Achievement: individuals who have resolved an identity crisis and committed to a relatively stable set of beliefs or a course of action. Identity Foreclosure: individuals who have adopted a commitment to a set of beliefs or a course of action without undergoing an identity crisis. Often, they have adopted the views of their parents without seriously questioning them.
- 9. IDENTITY STATUSES Identity Moratorium: individuals who are in the throes of an identity crisis—an intense examination of alternatives. Who feels that they are either in this status or have been in this status? Identity Diffusion: individuals who have neither arrived at a commitment as to who they are and what they stand for nor experienced a crisis.
- 10. DIVERSITY AND IDENTITY Something to reflect on: Researchers have found that identity formation is often more complicated for adolescents from ethnic minority groups. These adolescents may be faced with two sets of cultural values: those of their ethnic group and those of the dominant culture.
- 11. Perception of Others Social Perception: The process by which we form understandings of others in our social environment, based on observations of how others act and information we receive. Primacy Effect: The tendency to evaluate others in terms of first impressions. Recency Effect: The tendency to evaluate others in terms of the most recent impression.
- 12. Body Language Body language is an important contributor to forming person schemas and first impressions. Examples: eye contact patterns, body posture, touching, gazing and staring. Body language does vary by culture. The same gesture may have a different meaning in one culture than it does in another. For example, people in Bulgaria shake their heads up and down to signal “no”.
- 13. Using Body Language Be aware of what other people are telling you with their body language. Pay attention to your own body language as a way of helping to make the desired impressions on other people. Pay attention to your own body language as a way of learning about yourself.
- 14. PREJUDICE Prejudice: The belief that a person or group, on the basis of assumed racial ethnic, sexual, or other features will possess negative characteristics or perform inadequately. Types of prejudice include sexism, racism, classism and ageism.
- 15. Discrimination and Stereotypes Discrimination: The denial of privileges to a person or group on the basis of prejudice Stereotypes: Fixed, conventional ideas about a group that can lead us to process information about members of the group in a biased fashion.
- 16. Sources of Prejudice and Discrimination Dissimilarity: tend to like people who share our attitudes and we tend to assume that people of different races have different attitudes. Social Conflict: People of different races and religions often compete for jobs, giving rise to feelings of prejudice. Social Learning: Children often acquire some of their attitudes by observing other people, especially their parents. Information Processing: Prejudices serve as cognitive schemes, filters through which people see the social world. It is easier to attend to and remember instances of behavior that fit with our prejudices. Social Categorization: People tend to divide their social world into “us” and “them.” People tend to view others in their group more favorably than those out of their group.
- 17. Attribution Theory Attribution Process: The process by which people draw conclusions about the factors that influence behavior. Dispositional Attribution: Ascribe a person’s behavior to internal factors, such as personality traits and free will. Situational Attributions : Attribute a person’s actions to external factors, such as the social pressure found in a situation.
- 18. Attribution Theory Fundamental Attribution Error: the tendency to assume that others act on the basis of choice or will, even when there is evidence suggestive of the importance of their situations. Actor-Observer Effect: The tendency to attribute our own behavior to external, situational factors but to attribute the behavior of others to internal, dispositional factors such as choice or will. Self-Serving Bias : The tendency to view one’s successes as stemming from internal factors and one’s failures as stemming from external factors.
- 20. 21 day affirmations Extra credit!!!