Ch02
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- The document outlines key concepts in fuzzy set theory including membership functions, set-theoretic operations, and T-norms and T-conorms (fuzzy intersection and union). It discusses basic definitions like fuzzy complements and extensions to two dimensions. - Membership functions can take various shapes like triangular, trapezoidal, bell-shaped, and Gaussian and are used to characterize fuzzy sets. - T-norms and T-conorms provide a way to model fuzzy intersection and union operations and must satisfy properties like monotonicity and commutativity. Common examples include minimum, product, and maximum functions.
![Slides for Fuzzy Sets, Ch. 2 of Neuro-Fuzzy and Soft Computing J.-S. Roger Jang ( 張智星 ) CS Dept., Tsing Hua Univ., Taiwan http://www.cs.nthu.edu.tw/~jang [email_address] Modified by Dan Simon Fall 2010 Neuro-Fuzzy and Soft Computing: Fuzzy Sets](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/ch02-110219120739-phpapp02/85/Ch02-1-320.jpg)
![Convexity of Fuzzy Sets A fuzzy set A is convex if for any in [0, 1], A is convex if all its -cuts are convex . (How do you measure the convexity of an -cut?) convexmf.m](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/ch02-110219120739-phpapp02/85/Ch02-18-320.jpg)
![Fuzzy Complement N ( a ) : [0,1] [0,1] General requirements of fuzzy complement: Boundary: N(0)=1 and N(1) = 0 Monotonicity: N(a) > N(b) if a < b Involution: N(N(a)) = a Two types of fuzzy complements: Sugeno’s complement (Michio Sugeno): Yager’s complement (Ron Yager, Iona College):](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/ch02-110219120739-phpapp02/85/Ch02-28-320.jpg)
Ch02
- 1. Slides for Fuzzy Sets, Ch. 2 of Neuro-Fuzzy and Soft Computing J.-S. Roger Jang ( 張智星 ) CS Dept., Tsing Hua Univ., Taiwan http://www.cs.nthu.edu.tw/~jang [email_address] Modified by Dan Simon Fall 2010 Neuro-Fuzzy and Soft Computing: Fuzzy Sets
- 2. Fuzzy Sets: Outline Introduction Basic definitions and terminology Set-theoretic operations MF formulation and parameterization MFs of one and two dimensions Derivatives of parameterized MFs More on fuzzy union, intersection, and complement Fuzzy complement Fuzzy intersection and union Parameterized T-norm and T-conorm
- 3. A Case for Fuzzy Logic “ So far as the laws of mathematics refer to reality, they are not certain. And so far as they are certain, they do not refer to reality.” - Albert Einstein
- 4. Probability versus Fuzziness I am thinking of a random shape (circle, square, or triangle). What is the probability that I am thinking of a circle? Which statement is more accurate? It is probably a circle. It is a fuzzy circle.
- 5. Two similar but different situations: There is a 50% chance that there is an apple in the fridge. There is half of an apple in the fridge. Probability versus Fuzziness
- 6. Paradoxes A heterological word is one that does not describe itself. For example, “long” is heterological, and “monosyllabic” is heterological. Is “heterological” heterological?
- 7. Paradoxes Bertrand Russell’s barber paradox (1901) The barber shaves a man if and only if he does not shave himself. Who shaves the barber? … S: The barber shaves himself Use t(S) to denote the truth of S S implies not-S, and not-S implies S Therefore, t(S) = t(not-S) = 1 – t(S) t(S) = 0.5 Similarly, “heterological” is 50% heterological
- 8. Paradoxes Sorites paradox: Premise 1: One million grains of sand is a heap Premise 2: A heap minus one grain is a heap Question: Is one grain of sand a heap? Number of grains “ Heap-ness” 0 100%
- 9. Fuzzy Sets Sets with fuzzy boundaries A = Set of tall people Membership function Heights 5’10’’ 6’2’’ .5 .9 Fuzzy set A 1.0 Heights 5’10’’ 1.0 Crisp set A
- 10. Membership Functions (MFs) Characteristics of MFs: Subjective measures Not probability functions Membership Height 5’10’’ .5 .8 .1 “ tall” in Asia “ tall” in the US “ tall” in NBA
- 11. Fuzzy Sets Formal definition: A fuzzy set A in X is expressed as a set of ordered pairs: Universe or universe of discourse Fuzzy set Membership function (MF) A fuzzy set is totally characterized by a membership function (MF).
- 12. Fuzzy Sets with Discrete Universes Fuzzy set C = “desirable city to live in” X = {SF, Boston, LA} (discrete and nonordered) C = {(SF, 0.9), (Boston, 0.8), (LA, 0.6)} Fuzzy set A = “sensible number of children” X = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} (discrete universe) A = {(0, .1), (1, .3), (2, .7), (3, 1), (4, .6), (5, .2), (6, .1)}
- 13. Fuzzy Sets with Cont. Universes Fuzzy set B = “about 50 years old” X = Set of positive real numbers (continuous) B = {(x, B (x)) | x in X}
- 14. Alternative Notation A fuzzy set A can be alternatively denoted as follows: X is discrete X is continuous Note that and integral signs stand for the union of membership grades; “/” stands for a marker and does not imply division.
- 15. Fuzzy Partition Fuzzy partitions formed by the linguistic values “young”, “middle aged”, and “old”: lingmf.m
- 16. More Definitions Support Core Normality Crossover points Fuzzy singleton -cut, strong -cut Convexity Fuzzy numbers Bandwidth Symmetricity Open left or right, closed
- 17. MF Terminology MF X .5 1 0 Core Crossover points Support - cut These expressions are all defined in terms of x .
- 18. Convexity of Fuzzy Sets A fuzzy set A is convex if for any in [0, 1], A is convex if all its -cuts are convex . (How do you measure the convexity of an -cut?) convexmf.m
- 19. Set-Theoretic Operations Subset: Complement: Union: Intersection:
- 20. Set-Theoretic Operations subset.m fuzsetop.m
- 21. MF Formulation Triangular MF: Trapezoidal MF: Generalized bell MF: Gaussian MF:
- 23. MF Formulation Sigmoidal MF: Extensions: Abs. difference of two sig. MF (open right MFs) Product of two sig. MFs disp_sig.m c = crossover point a controls the slope, and right/left
- 24. MF Formulation L-R (left-right) MF: Example: difflr.m c=65 a=60 b=10 c=25 a=10 b=40
- 25. Cylindrical Extension Base set A Cylindrical Ext. of A cyl_ext.m
- 26. 2D MF Projection Two-dimensional MF Projection onto X Projection onto Y project.m
- 27. 2D Membership Functions 2dmf.m
- 28. Fuzzy Complement N ( a ) : [0,1] [0,1] General requirements of fuzzy complement: Boundary: N(0)=1 and N(1) = 0 Monotonicity: N(a) > N(b) if a < b Involution: N(N(a)) = a Two types of fuzzy complements: Sugeno’s complement (Michio Sugeno): Yager’s complement (Ron Yager, Iona College):
- 29. Fuzzy Complement negation.m Sugeno’s complement: Yager’s complement:
- 30. Fuzzy Intersection: T-norm Analogous to AND, and INTERSECTION Basic requirements: Boundary: T(0, 0) = 0, T(a, 1) = T(1, a) = a Monotonicity: T(a, b) T(c, d) if a c and b d Commutativity: T(a, b) = T(b, a) Associativity: T(a, T(b, c)) = T(T(a, b), c) Four examples (page 37): Minimum: T m (a, b) Algebraic product: T a (a, b) Bounded product: T b (a, b) Drastic product: T d (a, b)
- 31. T-norm Operator Minimum: T m (a, b) Algebraic product: T a (a, b) Bounded product: T b (a, b) Drastic product: T d (a, b) tnorm.m
- 32. Fuzzy Union: T-conorm or S-norm Analogous to OR, and UNION Basic requirements: Boundary: S(1, 1) = 1, S(a, 0) = S(0, a) = a Monotonicity: S(a, b) S(c, d) if a c and b d Commutativity: S(a, b) = S(b, a) Associativity: S(a, S(b, c)) = S(S(a, b), c) Four examples (page 38): Maximum: S m (a, b) Algebraic sum: S a (a, b) Bounded sum: S b (a, b) Drastic sum: S d (a, b)
- 33. T-conorm or S-norm tconorm.m Maximum: S m (a, b) Algebraic sum: S a (a, b) Bounded sum: S b (a, b) Drastic sum: S d (a, b)
- 34. Generalized DeMorgan’s Law T-norms and T-conorms are duals which support the generalization of DeMorgan’s law: T(a, b) = N(S(N(a), N(b))): a and b = not(not a, or not b) S(a, b) = N(T(N(a), N(b))): a or b = not(not a, and not b) T m (a, b) T a (a, b) T b (a, b) T d (a, b) S m (a, b) S a (a, b) S b (a, b) S d (a, b)
- 35. Parameterized T-norm and S-norm Parameterized T-norms and dual T-conorms have been proposed by several researchers: Yager Schweizer and Sklar Dubois and Prade Hamacher Frank Sugeno Dombi
Editor's Notes
- #2: 02/19/11 ... In this talk, we are going to apply two neural network controller design techniques to fuzzy controllers, and construct the so-called on-line adaptive neuro-fuzzy controllers for nonlinear control systems. We are going to use MATLAB, SIMULINK and Handle Graphics to demonstrate the concept. So you can also get a preview of some of the features of the Fuzzy Logic Toolbox, or FLT, version 2.
- #3: 02/19/11 Specifically, this is the outline of the talk. Wel start from the basics, introduce the concepts of fuzzy sets and membership functions. By using fuzzy sets, we can formulate fuzzy if-then rules, which are commonly used in our daily expressions. We can use a collection of fuzzy rules to describe a system behavior; this forms the fuzzy inference system, or fuzzy controller if used in control systems. In particular, we can can apply neural networks?learning method in a fuzzy inference system. A fuzzy inference system with learning capability is called ANFIS, stands for adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system. Actually, ANFIS is already available in the current version of FLT, but it has certain restrictions. We are going to remove some of these restrictions in the next version of FLT. Most of all, we are going to have an on-line ANFIS block for SIMULINK; this block has on-line learning capability and it ideal for on-line adaptive neuro-fuzzy control applications. We will use this block in our demos; one is inverse learning and the other is feedback linearization.
- #10: 02/19/11 A fuzzy set is a set with fuzzy boundary. Suppose that A is the set of tall people. In a conventional set, or crisp set, an element is either belong to not belong to a set; there nothing in between. Therefore to define a crisp set A, we need to find a number, say, 5??, such that for a person taller than this number, he or she is in the set of tall people. For a fuzzy version of set A, we allow the degree of belonging to vary between 0 and 1. Therefore for a person with height 5??, we can say that he or she is tall to the degree of 0.5. And for a 6-foot-high person, he or she is tall to the degree of .9. So everything is a matter of degree in fuzzy sets. If we plot the degree of belonging w.r.t. heights, the curve is called a membership function. Because of its smooth transition, a fuzzy set is a better representation of our mental model of all? Moreover, if a fuzzy set has a step-function-like membership function, it reduces to the common crisp set.
- #11: 02/19/11 Here I like to emphasize some important properties of membership functions. First of all, it subjective measure; my membership function of all?is likely to be different from yours. Also it context sensitive. For example, I 5?1? and I considered pretty tall in Taiwan. But in the States, I only considered medium build, so may be only tall to the degree of .5. But if I an NBA player, Il be considered pretty short, cannot even do a slam dunk! So as you can see here, we have three different MFs for all?in different contexts. Although they are different, they do share some common characteristics --- for one thing, they are all monotonically increasing from 0 to 1. Because the membership function represents a subjective measure, it not probability function at all.
- #17: Normal MF: MF(x) = 1 for at least one value of x Sum normal partition: Partition for which the sum of all MF(x) = 1 for all x \\in X Fuzzy singleton: MF(x) = 1 for x = x1, 0 for x ~= x1 Fuzzy number: fuzzy set which is normal and convex Bandwidth: domain over which MF(x) >= 1/2 Symmetry: MF is an even function with respect to the center of its domain Open left: MF(x) -> 1 as x-> -inf, and MF(x) -> 0 as x -> +inf Open right: MF(x) -> 0 as x -> -inf, and MF(x) -> 1 as x -> +inf Closed: MF(x) -> 0 as x -> +/-inf 02/19/11
- #18: Support: domain over which MF > 0 Core: domain over which MF = 1 Crossover: points at which MF = 1/2 alpha-cut (alpha-level set): domain over which MF >= alpha strong alpha-cut (strong alpha-level set): domain over which MF > alpha 02/19/11
- #27: Corrected by Dan Simon 02/19/11
- #31: Bounded product: max(0, a+b-1) Drastic product: a if b=1, b if a=1, 0 if a < 1 and b < 1 02/19/11
- #33: Algebraic sum: a+b-ab Bounded sum: min(1, a+b) Drastic sum: a if b=0, b if a=1, 1 if a>0 and b>0 02/19/11
- #35: De Morgan's laws are rules relating the logical operators &quot;and&quot; and &quot;or&quot; in terms of each other via negation : P AND Q = NOT [ (NOT P) OR (NOT Q) ] P OR Q = NOT [ (NOT P) AND (NOT Q) ] 02/19/11
- #36: 02/19/11