Ch04
- 1. Chapter 4: Project Integration Management Information Technology Project Management, Fourth Edition
- 2. Learning Objectives Describe an overall framework for project integration management as it relates to the other project management knowledge areas and the project life cycle. Explain the strategic planning process and apply different project selection methods. Explain the importance of creating a project charter to formally initiate projects. Discuss the process of creating a preliminary project scope statement.
- 3. Learning Objectives Describe project management plan development, including content, using guidelines and templates for developing plans, and performing a stakeholder analysis to help manage relationships. Explain project execution, its relationship to project planning, the factors related to successful results, and tools and techniques to assist in project execution. Describe the process of monitoring and controlling project work.
- 4. Learning Objectives Understand the integrated change control process, planning for and managing changes on information technology projects, and developing and using a change control system. Explain the importance of developing and following good procedures for closing projects. Describe how software can assist in project integration management.
- 5. The Key to Overall Project Success: Good Project Integration Management Project managers must coordinate all of the other knowledge areas throughout a project’s life cycle. Many new project managers have trouble looking at the “big picture” and want to focus on too many details. (See opening case for a real example.) Project integration management is not the same thing as software integration.
- 6. Project Integration Management Processes Develop the project charter : Work with stakeholders to create the document that formally authorizes a project—the charter. Develop the preliminary project scope statement : Work with stakeholders, especially users of the project’s products, services, or results, to develop the high-level scope requirements and create a preliminary project scope statement. Develop the project management plan : Coordinate all planning efforts to create a consistent, coherent document—the project management plan.
- 7. Project Integration Management Processes (cont’d) Direct and manage project execution : Carry out the project management plan by performing the activities included in it. Monitor and control the project work : Oversee project work to meet the performance objectives of the project. Perform integrated change control : Coordinate changes that affect the project’s deliverables and organizational process assets. Close the project : Finalize all project activities to formally close the project.
- 8. Strategic Planning and Project Selection Strategic planning involves determining long-term objectives, predicting future trends, and projecting the need for new products and services. Organizations often perform a SWOT analysis : S trengths, W eaknesses, O pportunities, and T hreats As part of strategic planning, organizations should: Identify potential projects. Use realistic methods to select which projects to work on. Formalize project initiation by issuing a project charter.
- 9. Identifying Potential Projects Many organizations follow a planning process for selecting IT projects. It’s crucial to align IT projects with business strategy. Research shows that: Supporting explicit business objectives is the number one reason cited for investing in IT projects. Companies with consolidated IT operations have a 24 percent lower operational cost per end user. The consistent use of IT standards lowers application development costs by 41 percent per user.* *Cosgrove Ware, Lorraine, “By the Numbers,” CIO Magazine ( www.cio.com ) (September 1, 2002).
- 10. Figure 4-1. Information Technology Planning Process
- 11. Methods for Selecting Projects There is usually not enough time or resources to implement all projects. Methods for selecting projects include: Focusing on broad organizational needs. Categorizing information technology projects. Performing net present value or other financial analyses. Using a weighted scoring model. Implementing a balanced scorecard.
- 12. Focusing on Broad Organizational Needs It is often difficult to provide strong justification for many IT projects, but everyone agrees they have a high value. “It is better to measure gold roughly than to count pennies precisely.” Three important criteria for projects: There is a need for the project. There are funds available for the project. There is a strong will to make the project succeed.
- 13. Categorizing IT Projects One categorization assesses whether the project provides a response to: A problem An opportunity A directive Another categorization is based on the time it will take to complete a project or the date by which it must be done. Another categorization is the overall priority of the project.
- 14. Financial Analysis of Projects Financial considerations are often an important aspect of the project selection process. Three primary methods for determining the projected financial value of projects: Net present value (NPV) analysis Return on investment (ROI) Payback analysis
- 15. Net Present Value Analysis Net present value (NPV) analysis is a method of calculating the expected net monetary gain or loss from a project by discounting all expected future cash inflows and outflows to the present point in time. Projects with a positive NPV should be considered if financial value is a key criterion. The higher the NPV, the better.
- 16. Figure 4-2. Net Present Value Example Note that totals are equal, but NPVs are not because of the time value of money.
- 17. Figure 4-3. JWD Consulting NPV Example Multiply by the discount factor each year, then subtract costs from cumulative benefits to get NPV. Note: See the template called business_case_financials.xls.
- 18. NPV Calculations Determine estimated costs and benefits for the life of the project and the products it produces. Determine the discount rate (check with your organization on what to use). Calculate the NPV (see text for details). Some organizations consider the investment year as year 0, while others consider it year 1. Some people enter costs as negative numbers, while others do not. Make sure to identify your organization’s preferences.
- 19. Return on Investment Return on investment (ROI) is calculated by subtracting the project costs from the benefits and then dividing by the costs. ROI = (total discounted benefits - total discounted costs) / discounted costs The higher the ROI, the better. Many organizations have a required rate of return or minimum acceptable rate of return on investment for projects. Internal rate of return (IRR) can by calculated by setting the NPV to zero.
- 20. Payback Analysis Another important financial consideration is payback analysis. The payback period is the amount of time it will take to recoup, in the form of net cash inflows, the total dollars invested in a project. Payback occurs when the cumulative discounted benefits and costs are greater than zero. Many organizations want IT projects to have a fairly short payback period.
- 21. Figure 4-4. Charting the Payback Period Excel file
- 22. Weighted Scoring Model A weighted scoring model is a tool that provides a systematic process for selecting projects based on many criteria. Steps in identifying a weighted scoring model: Identify criteria important to the project selection process. Assign weights (percentages) to each criterion so they add up to 100 percent. Assign scores to each criterion for each project. Multiply the scores by the weights to get the total weighted scores. The higher the weighted score, the better.
- 23. Figure 4-5. Sample Weighted Scoring Model for Project Selection
- 24. Implementing a Balanced Scorecard Drs. Robert Kaplan and David Norton developed this approach to help select and manage projects that align with business strategy. A balanced scorecard is a methodology that converts an organization’s value drivers, such as customer service, innovation, operational efficiency, and financial performance, to a series of defined metrics. See www.balancedscorecard.org for more information.
- 25. Project Charters After deciding what project to work on, it is important to let the rest of the organization know. A project charter is a document that formally recognizes the existence of a project and provides direction on the project’s objectives and management. Key project stakeholders should sign a project charter to acknowledge agreement on the need and intent of the project; a signed charter is a key output of project integration management.
- 26. Figure 4-6. Project Integration Management Overview
- 27. Preliminary Scope Statements A scope statement is a document used to develop and confirm a common understanding of the project scope. It is an important tool for preventing scope creep : The tendency for project scope to keep getting bigger. A good practice is to develop a preliminary or initial scope statement during project initiation and a more detailed scope statement as the project progresses.
- 28. Contents of a Preliminary Scope Statement Project objectives Product or service requirements and characteristics Project boundaries Deliverables Product acceptance criteria Project assumptions and constraints Organizational structure for the project Initial list of defined risks Summary of schedule milestones Rough order of magnitude cost estimate Configuration management requirements Description of approval requirements
- 29. Project Management Plans A project management plan is a document used to coordinate all project planning documents and help guide a project’s execution and control. Plans created in the other knowledge areas are subsidiary parts of the overall project management plan.
- 30. Attributes of Project Plans Just as projects are unique, so are project plans. Plans should be: Dynamic Flexible Updated as changes occur Plans should first and foremost guide project execution by helping the project manager lead the project team and assess project status.
- 31. Common Elements of a Project Management Plan Introduction or overview of the project. Description of how the project is organized. Management and technical processes used on the project. Work to be done, schedule, and budget information.
- 32. Table 4-1. Sample Contents for a Software Project Management Plan (SPMP)
- 33. What the Winners Do “ The winners clearly spell out what needs to be done in a project, by whom, when, and how. For this they use an integrated toolbox, including PM tools, methods, and techniques…If a scheduling template is developed and used over and over, it becomes a repeatable action that leads to higher productivity and lower uncertainty. Sure, using scheduling templates is neither a breakthrough nor a feat. But laggards exhibited almost no use of the templates. Rather, in constructing schedules their project managers started with a clean sheet, a clear waste of time.”* *Milosevic, Dragan and And Ozbay, “Delivering Projects: What the Winners Do,” Proceedings of the Project Management Institute Annual Seminars & Symposium (November 2001).
- 34. Stakeholder Analysis A stakeholder analysis documents important (often sensitive) information about stakeholders such as: Stakeholders’ names and organizations. Their roles on the project. Unique facts about each stakeholder. Their level of influence on and interest in the project. Suggestions for managing relationships with each stakeholder.
- 35. Table 4-2. Sample Stakeholder Analysis
- 36. Project Execution Project execution involves managing and performing the work described in the project management plan. The majority of time and money is usually spent on execution. The application area of the project directly affects project execution because the products of the project are produced during project execution.
- 37. Coordinating Planning and Execution Project planning and execution are intertwined and inseparable activities. Those who will do the work should help to plan the work. Project managers must solicit input from the team to develop realistic plans.
- 38. Leadership and a Supportive Culture Project managers must lead by example to demonstrate the importance of creating and then following good project plans. Organizational culture can help project execution by: Providing guidelines and templates. Tracking performance based on plans. Project managers may still need to break the rules to meet project goals, and senior managers must support those actions.
- 39. What Went Wrong? Many people have a poor view of plans based on their experiences. Top managers often require a project management plan, but then no one follows up on whether the plan was followed. For example, one project manager said he would meet with each project team leader within two months to review their project plans. The project manager created a detailed schedule for these reviews. He cancelled the first meeting due to another business commitment. He rescheduled the next meeting for unexplained personal reasons. Two months later, the project manager had still not met with over half of the project team leaders. Why should project members feel obligated to follow their own plans when the project manager obviously did not follow his?
- 40. Important Skills for Project Execution General management skills such as leadership, communication, and political skills. Product, business, and application area skills and knowledge. Use of specialized tools and techniques.
- 41. Project Execution Tools and Techniques Project management methodology : Many experienced project managers believe the most effective way to improve project management is to follow a methodology that describes not only what to do in managing a project, but how to do it. Project management information systems : Hundreds of project management software products are available on the market today, and many organizations are moving toward powerful enterprise project management systems that are accessible via the Internet. See the “What Went Right?” example of Kuala Lumpur’s Integrated Transport Information System.
- 42. Monitoring and Controlling Project Work Changes are inevitable on most projects, so it’s important to develop and follow a process to monitor and control changes. Monitoring project work includes collecting, measuring, and disseminating performance information. Two important outputs of monitoring and controlling project work include recommended corrective and preventive actions.
- 43. Media Snapshot The 2002 Olympic Winter Games and Paralympics took five years to plan and cost more than $1.9 billion. PMI awarded the Salt Lake Organizing Committee (SLOC) the Project of the Year award for delivering world-class games. Four years before the Games began, the SLOC used a Primavera software-based system with a cascading color-coded WBS to integrate planning…The SLOC also used an Executive Roadmap, a one-page list of the top 100 Games-wide activities, to keep executives apprised of progress. Activities were tied to detailed project information within each department’s schedule. A 90-day highlighter showed which managers were accountable for each integrated activity. Fraser Bullock, SLOC Chief Operating Officer and Chief, said, “We knew when we were on and off schedule and where we had to apply additional resources. The interrelation of the functions meant they could not run in isolation—it was a smoothly running machine.”* *Foti, Ross, “The Best Winter Olympics, Period,” PM Network (January 2004), p. 23.
- 44. Integrated Change Control Three main objectives are: Influence the factors that create changes to ensure that changes are beneficial. Determine that a change has occurred. Manage actual changes as they occur. A baseline is the approved project management plan plus approved changes.
- 45. Change Control on Information Technology Projects Former view : The project team should strive to do exactly what was planned on time and within budget. Problem : Stakeholders rarely agreed beforehand on the project scope, and time and cost estimates were inaccurate. Modern view : Project management is a process of constant communication and negotiation. Solution : Changes are often beneficial, and the project team should plan for them.
- 46. Change Control System A formal, documented process that describes when and how official project documents and work may be changed. Describes who is authorized to make changes and how to make them.
- 47. Change Control Boards (CCBs) A formal group of people responsible for approving or rejecting changes on a project. CCBs provide guidelines for preparing change requests, evaluate change requests, and manage the implementation of approved changes. CCBs include stakeholders from the entire organization.
- 48. Making Timely Changes Some CCBs only meet occasionally, so it may take too long for changes to occur. Some organizations have policies in place for time-sensitive changes. A “48-hour policy” allows project team members to make a decision and have 48 hours to seek approval from top management. If the team decision cannot be implemented, management has 48 hours to reverse a decision; otherwise, the team’s decision is approved. Another policy is to delegate changes to the lowest level possible, but keep everyone informed of changes.
- 49. Configuration Management Ensures that the descriptions of the project’s products are correct and complete. Involves identifying and controlling the functional and physical design characteristics of products and their support documentation. Configuration management specialists identify and document configuration requirements, control changes, record and report changes, and audit the products to verify conformance to requirements.
- 50. Table 4-3. Suggestions for Managing Integrated Change Control View project management as a process of constant communication and negotiation. Plan for change. Establish a formal change control system, including a change control board (CCB). Use good configuration management. Define procedures for making timely decisions on smaller changes. Use written and oral performance reports to help identify and manage change. Use project management and other software to help manage and communicate changes.
- 51. Closing Projects To close a project, you must finalize all activities and transfer the completed or cancelled work to the appropriate people. Main outputs include: Administrative closure procedures. Contract closure procedures. Final products, services, or results. Organizational process asset updates.
- 52. Using Software to Assist in Project Integration Management Several types of software can be used to assist in project integration management: Word processing software creates documents. Presentation software creates presentations. Spreadsheets or databases perform tracking. Communication software such as e-mail and Web authoring tools facilitate communications. Project management software can pull everything together and show detailed and summarized information.
- 53. Chapter Summary Project integration management includes: Developing a project charter. Developing a preliminary project scope statement. Developing a project management plan. Directing and managing project execution. Monitoring and controlling project work. Performing integrated change control. Closing the project.