Prof Derek Clements-Croome - Challenges and opportunities for intelligent buildings in the 21st century

Professor Derek Clements-CroomeProfessor Derek Clements-Croome
Intelligent Buildings Research GroupIntelligent Buildings Research Group
www.ibrg.rdg.ac.ukwww.ibrg.rdg.ac.uk
Challenges and Opportunities for
Green Intelligent Buildings
in the 21st Century
4 December 2008
Dundee University, School of Architecture

Changes in Living, InnovationChanges in Living, Innovation
and Globalisationand Globalisation

Source: Economic Division, Department
of Economic and Social Affairs,
United Nations, Outlook 2004, IBM

Source: Joseph Jacobsen, Organizational and Individual Innovation Diffusion
Global Innovation Outlook 2004, IBM, p.6

Wider cross sector collaboration is essential to innovation inWider cross sector collaboration is essential to innovation in
many fields.many fields.
Source: Dr. H. Fuchs, Wilhelm University of Munster in Westphalia. Courtesy: Lux Research Outlook 2004, IBM

CLEAN ENERGY TRENDS 2007, Clean Edge Ic

National Ecological Footprint RelativeNational Ecological Footprint Relative
to Nationally Available Biocapacityto Nationally Available Biocapacity

Ecological Footprint and HumanEcological Footprint and Human
Development IndexDevelopment Index
HEAD. P., 2008, Entering the Ecological Age: THE ENGINEER’S ROLE, THE BRUNEL LECTURE for Institute
of Civil Engineers (ICE), Global Footprint Network: http://www.footprintnetwork.org/

Overall DriversOverall Drivers
 NatureNature
 Population changePopulation change
 Political agendasPolitical agendas
 SocietySociety
 TechnologyTechnology

Specific DriversSpecific Drivers
 Quality of lifeQuality of life
 Demographic changesDemographic changes
 Work and Lifestyle changesWork and Lifestyle changes
 SustainabilitySustainability
 HealthHealth
 InnovationInnovation

Some Technology DriversSome Technology Drivers
 Sensory WorldSensory World
 New MaterialsNew Materials
 NanotechnologyNanotechnology
 Information TechnologyInformation Technology
 CommunicationsCommunications
 RoboticsRobotics

Occupant
Observer / passer by
External environment
Building
Internal environment
Buildings, Environment &Buildings, Environment &
PeoplePeople

ClimateClimate
ChangeChange
www.ace.mmu.ac.uk/external.php#sustain
Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate
Change 2001

Source: CIBSE- Climate change and the indoor environment: impacts and adaptation. TM36:2005
(UKCIP02 Scientific Report)
Global Carbon Dioxide IncreasesGlobal Carbon Dioxide Increases

How EmissionsHow Emissions
Savings Stack upSavings Stack up
Jim Watson, How emissions savings stackJim Watson, How emissions savings stack
up, The Guardian, Saturday 28 April,up, The Guardian, Saturday 28 April,

Source: Bos etc al, 1992, World Energy Council 2005
Global Primary Energy Use, Historical Development from 1850 to 1990 in the
three cases to 2100, in Gto.
Population Growth, 1850 to 1990 and projectionsPopulation Growth, 1850 to 1990 and projections
to 2100, in billion peopleto 2100, in billion people

UN Contraction and ConvergenceUN Contraction and Convergence
HEAD. P., 2008, Entering the Ecological Age: THE ENGINEER’S ROLE, THE BRUNEL LECTURE for
Institute of Civil Engineers (ICE), Meyer, Aubrey, The fair choice for climate change, BBC News,
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/4994296.stm, (May 18 2006).

Humanity’s Ecological FootprintHumanity’s Ecological Footprint
Birk, Demographics as a driver of change, The Arup Journal, 2/2007 p37

Global Renewable EnergyGlobal Renewable Energy
PotentialsPotentials
EJ thermal equivalent annual contributions (1 Exa Joule = 10EJ thermal equivalent annual contributions (1 Exa Joule = 101818
J)J)
Energy SourceEnergy Source 19901990 20252025 Long termLong term
Hydro-electricity*Hydro-electricity* 2121 35-5535-55 >130>130
GeothermalGeothermal <1<1 44 >20>20
WindWind -- 7-107-10 >130>130
OceanOcean -- 22 >20>20
SolarSolar -- 16-2216-22 >2,600>2,600
BiomassBiomass 5555 72-13772-137 >1.300>1.300
TotalTotal 7676 130-230130-230 >4,200>4,200
* Hydropower accounts for about 19% of the world electricity supply; largest producers
are Canada, US and Brazil.
Kirkwood (1998)

Source IEA, Financial Times, 2008, 7/8 June Green Technology, p7

EU-25 2010 Renewable Energy TargetsEU-25 2010 Renewable Energy Targets
Lehman Brothers, Wind Energy (18 April 2007).

Relative Costs of EnergyRelative Costs of Energy
ProductionProduction
BERR Department for Business Enterprise and Regulatory ReformBERR Department for Business Enterprise and Regulatory Reform
137
151
85
61
37.7
35
38Gas
Coal
Nuclea
r
Onshore
Wind
Offshore Wind
Wave
Tidal
NEC,17.01.08., Green monster, p15megawatt hourmegawatt hour

The average price of a photovoltaic module divided by its peak power versus the total
power generated by all the modules ever sold. The trend shows the cost of modules
falling by about 20% each time that sales double. (Data from Strategies Unlimited.)
Terry Peterson, Brien Fies, Sloar Power to the people,
Physics World, Energy Challenges for the 21st Century,
Volume 15, No: 7, 2002

Efficiency versus Cost for the Three
Generations of Solar Cells
Cartlidge E, July 2007, Bright outlook for solar cells, Physics World Vol 20 No 7
I First-generation cells: expensive
single-crystal silicon wafers: about 85% of
devices sold today.
II Second-generation cells: thin films
of silicon and other semiconductors:
cheaper but less efficient.
III Third-generation devices:
advanced technologies and materials at
an earlier stage of development but
promise high efficiencies at low costs.
The dashed diagonal lines are loci of
constant cost per unit power, measured in
dollars per peak watts.
Average electrical power produced by a
solar cell in a year is about 20% of its
peak rating. A price of $1 per peak watt
translates to a unit electrical cost of about
$0.05 per kWh over the 30-year lifetime
of a typical solar cell.

Phovoltaic Solar CellsPhovoltaic Solar Cells
SourceSource CostCost
($ per kWh)($ per kWh)
Solar PVSolar PV
WindWind
Natural GasNatural Gas
0.30 (current)0.30 (current)
0.02 (25 years)0.02 (25 years)
0.050.05
0.030.03
GenerationGeneration CharacteristicCharacteristic
FirstFirst
SecondSecond
ThirdThird
Single crystal of siliconSingle crystal of silicon
18% efficiency18% efficiency
Silicon thin filmsSilicon thin films
Other components such as cadmium tellurideOther components such as cadmium telluride
< 18% efficiency< 18% efficiency
Quantum dot or nano crystalsQuantum dot or nano crystals
Efficiency 48%Efficiency 48%
Quantum –well solar cell andQuantum –well solar cell and
Dye sanitised solar cellDye sanitised solar cell
Cartlidge E, July 2007, Bright outlook for solar cells, Physics World Vol 20 No 7

Nicholas S., etc. 2008, Catching the Rays, Going Places, http://www.mbipv.net.my/
Institute for Solar Energy (ISE)Institute for Solar Energy (ISE)
in Freiburg A coloured solarin Freiburg A coloured solar
ModuleModule
Germany leads the would in the utilisation of solar power, pilotingGermany leads the would in the utilisation of solar power, piloting
new materials, energy concepts and solar cells in state-of-the-artnew materials, energy concepts and solar cells in state-of-the-art
laboratorieslaboratories

Dr Macro Zobel with the prototype pf a
micro fuel cell (power 50 watts)
Solar Absorber
“fractherm” an
arrangement of
electricity canals based
on a biological model
Inside ISE, scientist in
protective suits perform a
quality control check of
silicon wafers before
diffusion.
Nicholas S., etc. 2008,Catching the Rays, Going Places, http://www.mbipv.net.my/

World's Biggest Solar Farm Moura,World's Biggest Solar Farm Moura,
PortugalPortugal
http://www.peopleandplanet.net/doc.php?id=3304
£250m farm, to supply 45MW of electricity each year, enough£250m farm, to supply 45MW of electricity each year, enough
to power 30,000 homes.to power 30,000 homes.

Solar Power Plant Serpa, Porto Salvo, PortugueseSolar Power Plant Serpa, Porto Salvo, Portuguese
http://www.power-technology.com/projects/Serpa/

The Archimedes Plant,
Syracuse, Sicily
The solar Energy willThe solar Energy will
heat up a mixture ofheat up a mixture of
molten salts runningmolten salts running
through the tube, whichthrough the tube, which
will than be used towill than be used to
heat water. Theheat water. The
resulting steam willresulting steam will
drive turbines in andrive turbines in an
existing conventionalexisting conventional
power plantpower plant

Rules of Thumb for Solar DesignRules of Thumb for Solar Design
FormForm • create sun spaces, lighting ducts, light shelvescreate sun spaces, lighting ducts, light shelves
Orientation:Orientation: • main glazing to face 30 degrees either side of due southmain glazing to face 30 degrees either side of due south
• reduce north glazingreduce north glazing
• minimise tree over-shadowingminimise tree over-shadowing
• on housing estates build to a density ofon housing estates build to a density of << 40 properties/ha40 properties/ha
• design atriums/roof lighting in accordance with the position of thedesign atriums/roof lighting in accordance with the position of the
sun in both summer and wintersun in both summer and winter
Fabric:Fabric:
• fabric transmission losses may be reduced by improving insulationfabric transmission losses may be reduced by improving insulation
or by reducing the mean inside air temperature.or by reducing the mean inside air temperature.
Rawlings (1999)

Combined HeatCombined Heat
and Powerand Power
Site Energy SavingsSite Energy Savings
Cousins, Down to Zero, The Arup Journal, 2/2007 p23
Source Energy SavingsSource Energy Savings

Airconditioning for theAirconditioning for the
Betterment of Mankind?Betterment of Mankind?

Cooling Only Systems Annual Energy Consumption
Vs National Benchmarks for Office Energy Use
0
50
100
150
200
Site1-All-Air
Site2-All-Air
Site3-All-Air
Site4-All-Air
Site5-All-Air
Site6-All-Air
Site7-All-Air
Site8-ChilledCeiling
Site12-Fancoils
Site13-Fancoils
Site14-Fancoils
Site15-Fancoils
Site16-Fancoils
Site17-DXSplit
Site18-DXSplit
Site19-DXSplit
Site20-DXSplit
Site21-DXSplit
Site22-DXSplit
Site32-UnitaryHP
Note: Cooling energy consumption
kWh/m2
kWh/m2
Good Practice
Typical Practice
Dunn and Knight 2005

Relation between PMV and PPD in summer for 29 air-Relation between PMV and PPD in summer for 29 air-
conditioned buildings and for 32 buildings with individualconditioned buildings and for 32 buildings with individual
temperature control and natural or mechanical ventilation.temperature control and natural or mechanical ventilation.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
-2 -1,5 -1 -0,5 0 0,5 1 1,5 2
Mean Vote
Percentageofdissatisfied
Natural ventilation
Mechanical ventilation
Airconditioning
Mechanical
ventilation
(11 buildings)
Natural
ventilation
(21 buildings)
PMV
Airconditioning
(29 buildings)
K van der Linden at al, Energy and Buildings, 1411, 2002, 1-8
Predicted Mean Vote
PercentageofDissatisfiedPPD

The COThe CO22 Cooling AlternativeCooling Alternative
COCO22 based cooling systems to extract thebased cooling systems to extract the
heat. Trox AITCS COheat. Trox AITCS CO22OL desk is designedOL desk is designed
to take heat from desk based computersto take heat from desk based computers
using liquid COusing liquid CO22
BSJ Future Technologies 13
http://www.troxaitcs.com/

Low Energy/Low CarbonLow Energy/Low Carbon
SolutionsSolutions

Key Elements of a Short CarbonKey Elements of a Short Carbon
Cycle SystemCycle System
of Civil Engineers (ICE)

Sustainability in PracticeSustainability in Practice
Hillier, Graham. “Construction Products for a Sustainable Society”
Sustainability - Steel and the Environment Conference. 2 November 2004

Principles for Earth Bio BalancePrinciples for Earth Bio Balance
 Use waste as a resourceUse waste as a resource
 Diversify and cooperateDiversify and cooperate
 Gather and use energy efficientlyGather and use energy efficiently
 Optimise not maximiseOptimise not maximise
 Use materials sparinglyUse materials sparingly
 Clean up not polluteClean up not pollute
 Do not draw down resourcesDo not draw down resources
 Remain in balance with the biosphereRemain in balance with the biosphere
 Run on informationRun on information
 Use local resourcesUse local resources
I Bengles 1997, Biomimicry

Clean Up Not PolluteClean Up Not Pollute
Department for Environment, Food and Foreign Affairs, Future Water; The Governments Strategy for water
in England, sourced from http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/water/strategy/pdf/futurewater. pdf.

Green HomesGreen Homes
World Business Council for Sustainable Development, Policy Directions to 2050,
http://www.wbcsd.org/DocRoot/bdA09BFxjVkjEeXJKjle/int_low_res.pdf, (2007).

Future Water HomeFuture Water Home

Bedzed EnergyBedzed Energy
DevelopmentDevelopment

BedzedBedzed
Zero Carbon HomeZero Carbon Home

ZedFactory Bath Eco HouseZedFactory Bath Eco House

How the Zed System Works
Gasified wood technology
provides heat and electricity
to the entire site with zero
net CO2 emissions

The Lighthouse is the most
environmentally friendly home
built in the UK
Photograph Peter White BR
Zero Carbon HomeZero Carbon Home
Simon Lambert, This is Money, 9 December 2006

Green Buildings are
designed to have
less impact on the
environment, be
healthier, boost the
productivity of
workers within, and
have lower
overhead costs.
They also yield a
greater return on
investment.
Lockwood, C., 2006, Building the Green Way, Harvard Business REview

Thermal Mass
Conventional masonry houses with thermal mass can save significant amounts of energy
compared to lightweight structures. These savings can offset the slightly higher level of
embodied CO2 in a masonry house in as little as ten years and ultimately lead to the lowest
whole life CO2 emissions. This is achieved by the thermal mass of a dwelling enabling it to
store more heat and remain cooler than lightweight structures. The result is that the
dwelling remains warmer for longer in the winter and stays cooler in the summer.

Natural Ventilation
Hanson EcoHouseM
includes a ventilating
roof lantern. Wind
operated to enhance
‘stack’ effect. Low
level cooler bedrooms
on ground floor; other
rooms on warmer first
floor.

Swedish Standard for Passive
Houses
 Maximum power for heating, 10/14 W/m2
 Maximum total energy, 45/55 kWh/m2
(excluding electricity)
 Maximum air leakage, 0.3 l/s m2
 Energy efficient windows, 0.9 W/m2
K
ECBCS news 46 Oct 07

Innovation TrendsInnovation Trends

Control of solarControl of solar
radiation transmittingradiation transmitting
though the buildingthough the building
envelopeenvelope
Spectral absorptivity / transmission ofSpectral absorptivity / transmission of
envelope materialsenvelope materials
Suspended particle panelsSuspended particle panels
Liquid crystal panelsLiquid crystal panels
PhotochromicsPhotochromics
ElectrchromicsElectrchromics
Relative position of envelope materialRelative position of envelope material Louver on panel systemsLouver on panel systems
-exterior and exterior radiation-exterior and exterior radiation
(light) sensors- photovolvaics,(light) sensors- photovolvaics,
photoelectrics-photoelectrics-
controld/actuators- shapecontrold/actuators- shape
memory alloys, electro andmemory alloys, electro and
magnetorestrictivemagnetorestrictive
Control of conductiveControl of conductive
heat transfer throughheat transfer through
the building envelopethe building envelope
Thermal conductivity of envelopeThermal conductivity of envelope
materialsmaterials
Thermotropics, phase-changeThermotropics, phase-change
materialsmaterials
Mapping of Typical Building System DesignMapping of Typical Building System Design
needs in Relation to Potentially Applicableneeds in Relation to Potentially Applicable
Smart MaterialsSmart Materials
*Many high performance materials (e.g., diochroics, view directional films, and others) may be*Many high performance materials (e.g., diochroics, view directional films, and others) may be
applicable as wellapplicable as well

Control of interiorControl of interior
heat generationheat generation
Heat capacity of interior materialHeat capacity of interior material Phase-change materialsPhase-change materials
Relative location of heat sourceRelative location of heat source ThermoelectricsThermoelectrics
Lumanwatt energy conversationLumanwatt energy conversation PhotoluminescentsPhotoluminescents
Electroluminescents,Electroluminescents,
Light emitting diodesLight emitting diodes
Energy deliveryEnergy delivery Conversion of ambient energy toConversion of ambient energy to
electrical energyelectrical energy
Photovoltaics, micro-andPhotovoltaics, micro-and
meso energy systemsmeso energy systems
(thermoelectrics, fuel cels)(thermoelectrics, fuel cels)
Optimisation ofOptimisation of
lighting systemslighting systems
Daylight sensingDaylight sensing
Illuminance measurementsIlluminance measurements
Occupancy sensingOccupancy sensing
PhotovoltaicsPhotovoltaics
PhotoelectricsPhotoelectrics
PyroelectricsPyroelectrics
Optimisation ofOptimisation of
HVAC systemsHVAC systems
Temperature sensingTemperature sensing
Humidity sensingHumidity sensing
Occupancy sensingOccupancy sensing
CO2 and chemicaldetectionCO2 and chemicaldetection
Thermoelectrics,Thermoelectrics,
pyroelectrics, biosensors,pyroelectrics, biosensors,
chemical sensors, opticalchemical sensors, optical
MEMSMEMS
Control ofControl of
structural systemsstructural systems
Stress and deformation monitoringStress and deformation monitoring
Crack monitoringCrack monitoring
Stress and deformation controlStress and deformation control
Vibration monitoring and controlVibration monitoring and control
Euler buckling and controlEuler buckling and control
Fiber-optics,Fiber-optics,
piezoeroelectrics,piezoeroelectrics,
electrorheologicals (ERs),electrorheologicals (ERs),
magnetorheologicals, shapemagnetorheologicals, shape
memory alloysmemory alloys
Addington M, Schodek D, 2005, Smart Materials and Technologies,

Colour-Changing Smart MaterialsColour-Changing Smart Materials
 PhotochromicsPhotochromics -materials exposed to light-materials exposed to light
 ThermochromicsThermochromics -materials respond to-materials respond to
temperature changes.temperature changes.
 MechanochromicsMechanochromics -materials react to imposed-materials react to imposed
stresses and/or deformations.stresses and/or deformations.
 ChemochromicsChemochromics -materials exposed to specific-materials exposed to specific
chemical environments.chemical environments.
 ElectrochromicsElectrochromics -materials respond to voltage.-materials respond to voltage.
 Related technologiesRelated technologies – electrically active liquid– electrically active liquid
crystals and suspended particle devicescrystals and suspended particle devices
Addington M, Schodek D, 2005, smart Materials and Technologies,

Smart Window FeaturesSmart Window Features
System TypeSystem Type Spectral responseSpectral response
(bleaced to coloured)(bleaced to coloured)
Interior result visualInterior result visual Interior resultInterior result
thermalthermal
Input energyInput energy
PhotochromicPhotochromic Specular to specularSpecular to specular
transmission at hightransmission at high
UV levelsUV levels
Reduction in intensityReduction in intensity
but still transparentbut still transparent
Reduction inReduction in
transmitted radiationtransmitted radiation
UV radiationUV radiation
ThermochromicThermochromic Specular to specularSpecular to specular
IR levelsIR levels
but still transparentbut still transparent
Heat (highHeat (high
surfacesurface
temperature)temperature)
ThermothropicThermothropic Specular to specularSpecular to specular
and low temperaturesand low temperatures
and visibility,and visibility,
becomes diffusebecomes diffuse
transmitted radiation,transmitted radiation,
emitted radiation, andemitted radiation, and
conductivityconductivity
Heat (high and/orHeat (high and/or
low surfacelow surface
temperature)temperature)
Electrothropic*Electrothropic* Specular to specularSpecular to specular
transmission towardtransmission toward
short wavelengthshort wavelength
region (blue)region (blue)
Reduction in intensityReduction in intensity Proportional reductionProportional reduction
in transmittedin transmitted
radiationradiation
Voltage orVoltage or
current pulsecurrent pulse
Liquid Crystals*Liquid Crystals* Specular to diffuseSpecular to diffuse
transmissiontransmission
Minimal reduction inMinimal reduction in
intensity, reduction inintensity, reduction in
visibility, becomesvisibility, becomes
diffusediffuse
Minimal impact onMinimal impact on
VoltageVoltage
SuspendedSuspended
particleparticle
Specular to diffuseSpecular to diffuse
transmissiontransmission
and visibility,and visibility,
becomes diffusebecomes diffuse
Minimal impact onMinimal impact on
CurrentCurrent
*indicates that a control system and associated*indicates that a control system and associated
electrical supply are requiredelectrical supply are required Addington M, Schodek D, 2005, Smart Materials and Technologies,

Titanium dioxide nanoparticles with a smooth
surface may be used as an anti-adhesive
coating for windows or spectacle lenses
Annabelle Hett, Small matter many unknowns, Ingenia, march 2005, issue 22,

Carbon NanotubesCarbon Nanotubes
Carbon nanotubes are cylindrical carbon molecules with
novel properties that make them potentially useful in a
wide variety of applications. They exhibit extraordinary
strength and unique electrical properties, and are efficient
conductors of heat.

Assessing Human behaviour andAssessing Human behaviour and
Its Impact on Energy ConsumptionIts Impact on Energy Consumption

Occupants lifestyle affect energyOccupants lifestyle affect energy
consumptionconsumption
Embedded sensors help occupantsEmbedded sensors help occupants
to save money and society saveto save money and society save
energyenergy

Energy Consumption per mEnergy Consumption per m33
forfor
964 Dwellings: Human Behaviour964 Dwellings: Human Behaviour
Impacts on Energy ConsumptionImpacts on Energy Consumption
0
200
400
600
800
1000
0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2
Specific transmission losses per unit of volume (W/(m3
.K))
Energyforheatingperunitofvolume
(MJ/(m3
.a))
H. Hens., et al, 2007, Energy Consumption and Rebound Effects, Civil Engineering, K U Leuven

Systems Performance andSystems Performance and
Human ReactionHuman Reaction
Building and Environmental Systems People
Physiological Judgement
(Sense diary)
Objective Data
Comparator
Profiling Differences
Facilities Management Systems

BSN architecture with wirelessly linked context-aware “on
body” (external) sensors and integration with home,
working, and hospital environments.

Body Parameters - ArmbandBody Parameters - Armband

Body Parameters – Ears’ ClipBody Parameters – Ears’ Clip
SenTec Digital Monitoring System from Artemis
Medical
Real time monitoring of
• Carbon dioxide partial pressure (pCO2),
• Oxygen saturation (SpO2)
• Pulse

Body Parameters - PlastersBody Parameters - Plasters
Toumaz Wireless Body Monitoring System
Development phase, ready end of 2007
Real time monitoring of
• Skin Temperature
• Breathing activity
• ECG heartbeat
• Blood PH
• Blood CO2

Body Parameters - HeadsetBody Parameters - Headset
Emotiv Systems Project EPOC
Produced for computer games
Headset uses set of sensors
• Receive electric signals
produced by the brain
• Monitors emotional state
• Monitors facial expressions

BrainbarBrainbar
BrainbarBrainbar mixes drinksmixes drinks
adapted to the visitor'sadapted to the visitor's
brainwaves. Thebrainwaves. The
customer wears acustomer wears a
sensor-studdedsensor-studded
headband and the robotheadband and the robot
bartender reads the brainbartender reads the brain
frequencies in the alphafrequencies in the alpha
and beta wavelengths.and beta wavelengths.
http://www.scastile.blogspot.com/

ObjectivesObjectives
 To identify the behaviour patternsTo identify the behaviour patterns
associated with the use of the building.associated with the use of the building.
 To establish a relationship between theTo establish a relationship between the
behaviour patterns and the consumption ofbehaviour patterns and the consumption of
energy.energy.
 To develop an intelligent sensor system.To develop an intelligent sensor system.

+ TEMPERATURE -
+ LIGHT -
+ SOUND -
+ AIR QUALITY -
AUTOMATIC
DAY
HOUR
MINUTES
Programming Automatic Manual
10:38 24o
C 22o
C
Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat Sun
TEMPERATURE AIR QUALITY
LIGHT SOUND
Automatic
Thu
Touch sense mode for
recording judgement
For setting the
time and date
To select the
automatic mode
Day of the week
Touch display
The actual room condition
Room conditionSense Mode
Time, and date record
Sense Diary
Evaluation of Environmental Conditions by Occupants
Clements-Croome, Inaugural Lecture 1989

GoalGoal
Sense Diary
Sensor Network
HVAC, power meters

The Functional Architecture of
Multi-Agent System for Building cOntrol (MASBO)
BMS
Policy
Management
Central Agent
(Decision Aggregation)
Local Agent
(Mediator and
Information provider)
Assessment
Monitor & Control
Agent
(Processes data and
achieve an environmental state
according to Local Agent)
Personal Agent
(Manages User Profile)
Wireless Sensor
Network
Wireless Sensor
Network
User

Agent SystemAgent System
Sensor
input
Actuator
control
Agent System
People:
occupants
People:
facilities
manager etc
environment
data
occupancy
data
settings
preferences
policy
Prof Kecheng Liu, Dr Penny Noy

What is the “virtual building”?What is the “virtual building”?
A concept in which all design, construction andA concept in which all design, construction and
environmental performance, and operational problemsenvironmental performance, and operational problems
are visualised, solved and optimised using integratedare visualised, solved and optimised using integrated
computer simulation. The virtual building is intended tocomputer simulation. The virtual building is intended to
support stakeholders throughout the projects lifetime insupport stakeholders throughout the projects lifetime in
the following areas:the following areas:
– ExplorationExploration:: a constantly evolving tool for exploring newa constantly evolving tool for exploring new
directions in design and constructiondirections in design and construction
– CommunicationCommunication :: enabling project teams to quickly andenabling project teams to quickly and
accurately communicate design forms, functions, andaccurately communicate design forms, functions, and
behaviours to other team members and the broader collection ofbehaviours to other team members and the broader collection of
stakeholdersstakeholders
– Integration:Integration: providing an environment where design andproviding an environment where design and
facility team members can share and coordinate projectfacility team members can share and coordinate project
information quickly and efficiently.information quickly and efficiently.
– Optimisation:Optimisation: facilitating analysis tools that are capable offacilitating analysis tools that are capable of
optimising performance, sustainability and costs to meet bothoptimising performance, sustainability and costs to meet both
short-term and long-term goals.short-term and long-term goals.
Bailey P, et al, 2008, The Virtual Building, The Arup Journal, 2, p15-25

Virtual building processes cover theVirtual building processes cover the
full cycle of a building lifefull cycle of a building life
Bailey P, et al, 2008, The Virtual Building, The Arup Journal, 2, p15-25

Latest Trends in InnovationLatest Trends in Innovation

 Auxetic Materials - Get fatter when they areAuxetic Materials - Get fatter when they are
stretched.stretched.
 Smarter WindowsSmarter Windows
 Smart PaintsSmart Paints
 Smarter Walls –a “breathing wall” that uses theSmarter Walls –a “breathing wall” that uses the
principles of counter current heat exchange.principles of counter current heat exchange.
 Solar WallSolar Wall
 Nanotube lightsNanotube lights
 Miniature RobotsMiniature Robots
 Smart metersSmart meters
 Smart SensorsSmart Sensors
New Technologies

Human Skin as aHuman Skin as a
Network ConduitNetwork Conduit
NTT's Red TactonNTT's Red Tacton
has created ahas created a
"human area"human area
network" that usesnetwork" that uses
electrical signalselectrical signals
present on thepresent on the
surface of the bodysurface of the body
to create a networkto create a network
within the humanwithin the human
bodybody..
http://www.scastile.blogspot.com/

Light Transmitting ConcreteLight Transmitting Concrete
http://optics.org/cws/article/research/19184
A wall made of “LitraCon” has the strength of traditional concrete but by
using embedded array of glass fibers, it can display a view of the outside
world, such as the silhouette of a tree. “Thousands of optical glass fibers
form a matrix and run parallel to each other between the two main
surfaces of every block,” “Shadows on the lighter side will appear with
sharp outlines on the darker one. This special effect creates the general
impression that the thickness and weight of a concrete wall will
disappear.”
Áron Losonczi. Royal University College of Fine Arts in Stockholm,
Sweden.

A flexible sheet containing pentacene transistors, intended
to create a layer of “skin” sensitive to pressure.
The flexible sheet is
wrapped around the
robot’s hand and gives
it ability to touch and
sense pressure.
http://physicaplus.org.il/zope/home/en/1202656844/plastic_electricity_en

A flexible electronic book
made of organic transistors
constructed from polymeric
material. Adapted from the
homepage of Plastic Logic
co.
Small television screen made of
PLED on a watch.
Physics World July 2008 vol 21 No 7

An example of coloured light emitted from polymers
in response to being illuminated by white light, with
no source of electricity. Each polymer has its own
characteristic colour.
Physics World July 2008 vol 21 No 7

Robot ChoresRobot Chores
Miniature robots will revolutionise many ofMiniature robots will revolutionise many of
our everyday tasks. These robots, orour everyday tasks. These robots, or
nanobots would be ideal for tasks such asnanobots would be ideal for tasks such as
cleaning out pipework and ductwork.cleaning out pipework and ductwork.

Benefits of POEBenefits of POE
 Measuring project success determiningMeasuring project success determining
the business benefits and whether qualitythe business benefits and whether quality
and value have been achievedand value have been achieved
 Feedback and feed-forward – informingFeedback and feed-forward – informing
the project team of the successes andthe project team of the successes and
failures and to support continuousfailures and to support continuous
improvementimprovement
BCO Guide to Post Occupancy Evaluation

Passive and Active SustainablePassive and Active Sustainable
Environmental Building DesignEnvironmental Building Design

Case 3 - A house typical of existing stock. High
heating input required, sending bars off the
scale, (red) because of large losses through
uninsulated walls and floors and single glazed
windows (brown). There are large ventilation
losses due to poor draughtproofing and risk of
overheating in summer (dark blue) due to poor
solar design (yellow).
Dunster B, Simmons C Gilbert B, 2008, The ZEDbook , Taylor and Francis

Comparison of Thermal PerformanceComparison of Thermal Performance
for Three UK Propertiesfor Three UK Properties
Case 1 - A typical Building Regulations house.
Notice heat losses through trickle ventilation (mid
blue). Also the solar shading has been poorly
thought out, resulting in high solar gains in summer
and low gains in winter (yellow). Heating input is
moderate (red). The suggestion that cooling is
necessary (dark blue) indicates that there would be
an overheating risk in the free running building
which should be investigated in more detail.
Dunster B, Simmons C Gilbert B,
2008, The ZEDbook , Taylor and
Francis

Case 2 - A well operated ZED home with very little
additional energy input beyond that used for
equipment (cooking, electrical equipment, etc.).
The solar gain is spread more evenly through the
year. The ventilation is via passive heat recovery
systems based on wind cowls, so ventilation losses
are minimised (mid blue). The sunspace will be
acting as a buffer, reducing the losses through the
fabric (brown) in winter. In summer the ventilated
sunspace can be used to provide night cooling for
the heavyweight material of the building (mid blue)
resulting in almost no overheating risk unless the
building is left sealed up.
Dunster B, Simmons C Gilbert B,
2008, The ZEDbook , Taylor and
Francis

Refurbishment of Victorian House at 17Refurbishment of Victorian House at 17
St Augustine’s Road, Camden, LondonSt Augustine’s Road, Camden, London
Double glazed windowsDouble glazed windows 1.5W/m1.5W/m22
KK
FloorsFloors 0.20 W/m0.20 W/m22
KK
Sloping RoofSloping Roof 0.11 W/m0.11 W/m22
KK
Flat roofFlat roof 0.20 W/m0.20 W/m22
KK
Wall insulation toWall insulation to 0.20W/m0.20W/m22
KK
6m6m22
Solar ThermalSolar Thermal
3.5 KWp Solar PV3.5 KWp Solar PV
Localised Heat Exchange VentilationLocalised Heat Exchange Ventilation
Reducing Energy Use - ProposalsReducing Energy Use - Proposals

Cost of Refurbishment of VictorianCost of Refurbishment of Victorian
House at 17 St Augustine’s Road,House at 17 St Augustine’s Road,
Camden, LondonCamden, London
costcost tonnes CO2tonnes CO2
Solar PVSolar PV £25,000£25,000 1.41.4
Solar ThermalSolar Thermal £8,000£8,000 0.50.5
Double glazingDouble glazing £24,000£24,000 1.31.3
Roof InsulationRoof Insulation £6,600£6,600 3.43.4
Wall insulationWall insulation £11,000£11,000 3.33.3
Leakage reductionLeakage reduction £2,666£2,666 1.01.0

Zero Carbon multi-generation solar cooled home in Sehnzen, China
Dunster B, Simmons C Gilbert B, 2008, The ZEDbook , Taylor and Francis

A mixed-useA mixed-use
regeneration schemeregeneration scheme
combining acombining a
companycompany
headquarters, retail,headquarters, retail,
a hotel anda hotel and
residentialresidential
apartments completeapartments complete
with buildingwith building
integrated biomassintegrated biomass
CHP and carpool.CHP and carpool.
Reconciles highReconciles high
density with highdensity with high
land values whileland values while
staying within thestaying within the
national biomassnational biomass
quota and achievingquota and achieving
overall carbonoverall carbon
neutralityneutrality
Dunster B, Simmons C Gilbert B, 2008,
The ZEDbook , Taylor and Francis

Dunster B, Simmons C Gilbert B, 2008, The
ZEDbook, Taylor and Francis

Innovation Case Study: The BurjInnovation Case Study: The Burj
The Worlds tallest free standing structure.The Worlds tallest free standing structure.
DetailsDetails
Opening:Opening: September 2009September 2009
Height/SizeHeight/Size
Antennal/SpineAntennal/Spine 2,683.9 ft(818 metres)2,683.9 ft(818 metres)
Floor count:Floor count: 164 floors164 floors
Floor Area:Floor Area: 1,128.664 metres)1,128.664 metres)
Building TeamBuilding Team
ArchitectArchitect: Skidmore, Owings and Mernil (USA): Skidmore, Owings and Mernil (USA)
Contractor:Contractor: Samsung (South Korea)Samsung (South Korea)
Besix (Belgium)Besix (Belgium)
Arabtec (UAE)Arabtec (UAE)
Developer : Emaan UAE)Developer : Emaan UAE)
Innovation:Innovation:
Vertical concrete pumping to a height ofVertical concrete pumping to a height of
588 m.588 m.
Worlds fastest elevator and a total of 56Worlds fastest elevator and a total of 56
elevators that can carry 42 people at aelevators that can carry 42 people at a
time.time.

World's first revolving towerWorld's first revolving tower
DubaiDubai

Lighting and Ventilation Strategies AttemptLighting and Ventilation Strategies Attempt
to Minimise Energy Consumptionto Minimise Energy Consumption
Nikken Sekkei,
Cool City
Dubai
Architecture Review
Feb 2008

201 Bishopsgate and The
Broadgate Tower, London
Arch. Kohn Pederson Fox
The Leadenhall Building,
London
Arch. Richard Rogers

Dome House by Charles McBride RyanDome House by Charles McBride Ryan
HawthornHawthorn
Photo: John Gollings

Norman FosterNorman Foster
Pyramid of Peace, In Kazakhstan.

Gazprom City Tower,Gazprom City Tower,
St PetersburgSt Petersburg
Crystal Island, the World’s
Biggest Building by Foster
Moscow

The Chicago Spire,The Chicago Spire,
FosterFoster

Panel installation at the Sage CentrePanel installation at the Sage Centre
Rectilinear panels at
the Sage Centre
Mesh Match, Jan, 08, Society of
Facade Engineering

Santiago Calatrava
Valencia Opera House - Spain
Tenerife Opera House - Spain

Frank GeFrank Gehhryry
Walt Disney Concert Hall LAWalt Disney Concert Hall LA

Schule UnterensingenSchule Unterensingen
Unterensingen Primary and Secondary School, Germany

Acros Fukuoka, JapanJapan
Office, Retail, Government Office,Office, Retail, Government Office,
Concert Hall, Convention CentreConcert Hall, Convention Centre

Swiss RSwiss Réé
HeadquartersHeadquarters
LondonLondon

• First class office building
• Involvement with the planners
• Create a public plaza
• Cylindrical tower concept
• Slimming profile at base
• More daylight to public plaza
• Tapers at the top
• London skyline symmetry
• Maximise the view for surrounding
buildings
• Cigar shape (gherkin, bullet, air ship)
• 500,000ft² nett.
30 ST MARY AXE – ARCHITECTURAL
MASSING
T. Abbas, Hilson Moran, MSc IB Lecture Notes,

• Environmentally progressive design
• Low energy/low carbon emission
targets
• 50W/m2
casual load
• Consider occupant comfort and
well being
• Mixed mode ventilation
• Utilises natural ventilation
• Uses air conditioning for peak
periods only
30 ST MARY AXE – ENVIRONMENTAL
DESIGN BRIEF

Natural
Ventilation
Solar Protection
Daylight Optimisation Views Out
AMPM
30 ST MARY AXE – TYPICAL FLOOR ENV.
CONCEPTS

4
5
4
0
3
5
3
0
2
5
2
0
Fresh
air left
over
Temp °C
Blinds intelligently
automatically controlled by
BMS
Predicted performance:
85% solar protection
50% light transmission
0.8 W/m2
K thermal
insulation
40.
0
39.
0
38.
0
37.
0
36.
0
35.
0
34.
0
33.
0
32.
0
31.
0
30.
0
29.
0
28.
0
27.
0
26.
0
30
l/s/m
Extract
Rate
60
l/s/m
Extract
Rate
30 ST MARY AXE – FAÇADE DESIGN

Courtesy: Atkins
Burj Al Arab
7 Star Hotel
Sheth Tower
Iris BayIris Bay
DubaiDubai

an Marie Tjibaou Cultural Centre, New Caledonia
Jean Marie Tjibaou Cultural Centre, New Caledonia
Renzo Piano, 1998

The J.M Tjibaou Cultural Center (Museum of Noumea) designed by Renzo Piano (Winner of 1998The J.M Tjibaou Cultural Center (Museum of Noumea) designed by Renzo Piano (Winner of 1998
Pritzker prize), is a harmonious alliance of modern and traditional Kanak architecture. TraditionalPritzker prize), is a harmonious alliance of modern and traditional Kanak architecture. Traditional
thatch huts, native to the Kanak people, inspired the design.thatch huts, native to the Kanak people, inspired the design.
Piano learnt from local culture, buildings and nature. Tall thin curved laminated iroko wood ribbedPiano learnt from local culture, buildings and nature. Tall thin curved laminated iroko wood ribbed
structures supported by steel ties resist cyclones and earthquakes. The ribs have horizontal slatsstructures supported by steel ties resist cyclones and earthquakes. The ribs have horizontal slats
which allow passive environmental control to occur. The slats open and close according to windwhich allow passive environmental control to occur. The slats open and close according to wind
strength and direction and admit air to a cavity which is linked to the glazed façade of thestrength and direction and admit air to a cavity which is linked to the glazed façade of the
museum.museum.

Louvres for interior environment control are mounted inLouvres for interior environment control are mounted in
the glass facade of the low-rise volume.the glass facade of the low-rise volume.
Melet 1999

Earthship, New Mexico, US
Earthship Biotecture creates buildings that heat and cool themselves naturally via solar/thermal
dynamics, collect their own power from the sun and wind, harvest their own water from rain and
snow melt, produce food in significant quantities, and utilize materials that are byproducts of
modern society, like cans, bottles and tires. Earthships demonstrate a way to live in harmony with
the planet by encountering natural resources without depleting them.

Lilypad, a prototype of auto-Lilypad, a prototype of auto-
sufficient amphibious citysufficient amphibious city
Architect Vincent Callebaut

Singapore'sSingapore's
FloatingFloating
FootballFootball
Pitch (PICS)Pitch (PICS)
http://fantasyfootball.timesonline.co.uk/singapores-floating-football-pitch

 An amphibian aquatic/terrestial city, for 50,000An amphibian aquatic/terrestial city, for 50,000
inhabitants develops fauna and flora around a centralinhabitants develops fauna and flora around a central
lagoon of soft water by collecting and purifying the rainlagoon of soft water by collecting and purifying the rain
water. The floating structure inspired by the highly ribbedwater. The floating structure inspired by the highly ribbed
leave of the great lilypad of Amazonia Victoria Regialeave of the great lilypad of Amazonia Victoria Regia
increased 250 times.increased 250 times.
 Lilypad takes up the four main challenges launched byLilypad takes up the four main challenges launched by
the OECD in March 2008:the OECD in March 2008: climate, biodiversity, waterclimate, biodiversity, water
andand healthhealth. It reached zero carbon emission by the. It reached zero carbon emission by the
integration of all the renewable energies (solar, thermalintegration of all the renewable energies (solar, thermal
and photovoltaic, wind, hydraulic, tidal power station,and photovoltaic, wind, hydraulic, tidal power station,
osmotic energies, phytopurification, biomass) producingosmotic energies, phytopurification, biomass) producing
more energy that it consumes!more energy that it consumes!
 The floating Ecopolis recycles the CO2 and the waste,The floating Ecopolis recycles the CO2 and the waste,
by purifying and softening biologically the used watersby purifying and softening biologically the used waters
and by integrating ecological niches, aquaculture fieldsand by integrating ecological niches, aquaculture fields
and biotic corridors on and under its body to meet itsand biotic corridors on and under its body to meet its
own food needs.own food needs.

MOREMORE
 PersonalisationPersonalisation
 ConnectivityConnectivity
 Healthy conditionsHealthy conditions
 SustainabilitySustainability
 InnovationInnovation
 Value for moneyValue for money
 Systems thinkingSystems thinking
LESSLESS
 Central controlCentral control
 FragmentationFragmentation
 Asthma, BSSAsthma, BSS
 Less emissions/Less emissions/
consumptionconsumption
 Closed visionClosed vision
 Capital cost outlookCapital cost outlook
 DiscontinuityDiscontinuity
TrendsTrends

Meeting the ChallengesMeeting the Challenges
 Processes, Products (Systems), People IntegrationProcesses, Products (Systems), People Integration
 Whole Life ValueWhole Life Value
 Cross-Sectoral LearningCross-Sectoral Learning
 Design for Sustainable Healthy EnvironmentsDesign for Sustainable Healthy Environments
 Consider Environmental, Economic and SocialConsider Environmental, Economic and Social
ValuesValues
 Use Innovation as an EnablerUse Innovation as an Enabler
 Use Smart Materials and Biomimetic PrinciplesUse Smart Materials and Biomimetic Principles
 Use of Embedded Sensor TechnologyUse of Embedded Sensor Technology
 Interdisciplinary Education for Architects andInterdisciplinary Education for Architects and
Engineers plus Social Scientists and OthersEngineers plus Social Scientists and Others

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