changingface of conflict.pdf

CLAWS Journal l Winter 2013 115
Brigadier Narender Kumar is former Senior Fellow, Centre for Land Warfare Studies, New Delhi.
N.B. The views expressed in this article are those of the author in his personal capacity and do
not carry any official endorsement.
Changing Face of Conflict:
Need to Reshape Military Philosophy
Narender Kumar
The peacetime soldier’s principal task is to prepare effectively for the next war.
In order to do so, he must anticipate what the next war will be like. This is a
difficult task that gets continuously more difficult.
— Lt Gen Franz Uhle-Wettler
A new narrative was written on 9/11 and the world was never the same
again. The form of conflict which has emerged thereafter is amorphous, the
adversary is faceless and national boundaries have become defused. The battle
space is undefined and the time and location of the next engagement are
unknown. The security forces are not issued any warning orders to respond
to an aggression on a state, society or individual. The threat is undefined and
unanticipated. If we look back in history, one thing which was common in
the first three generations of warfare was that the battle lines were defined
and the enemy distinguishable. The changing nature and character of
warfare has rendered the territorial boundaries of nations insignificant and
the emerging war which is ambiguous and irregular is now being fought
within and beyond land borders, in the physical and psychological domains.
On one side, it is asymmetric, and on the other, it is hybrid in nature, a
combination of conventional and sub-conventional warfare. The targets are

116 CLAWS Journal l Winter 2013
nations, institutions, individuals and even the
psyche of the Diaspora. The means are kinetic
and non-kinetic in character. Anne-Marie
Slaughter, Professor of politics and international
affairs at Princeton University, says, “Conflicts in
the 21st
century are going to look very different
from those of the century before. The two wars
launched by the United States—one justifiably in
Afghanistan and the other unjustifiably in Iraq –
are likely to be the last examples of 20th
century-
style warfare. Large-scale prolonged conflicts
involving the ground invasion of one country by another will be an exception
rather than a practice.”1
At an earlier time, a commander could be certain
that a future war would resemble the past and present ones. This enabled him
to analyse appropriate tactics from the past and present. Whosoever failed to
adapt the experiences of the last war was sure to lose the next one.2
But this
scenario may no longer be relevant—21st
century conflicts will require a new
approach and philosophy.
The emerging security environment is radically different from what
it was even a decade ago. The profound struggle of humanity will be
for control of wealth and for ideologies and strategic autonomy in
an environment which is increasingly globalised. The new security
challenges are products, not of conventional inter-state rivalries, but of
economic, demographic and societal tensions that are trans-national in
nature. Incidents of conflict are on the rise due to a multiplicity of factors,
ranging from weak and illegitimate state institutions, marginalisation of
people, large scale population displacements and ineffective regional
security arrangements.3
Ambiguous and irregular warfare is a reminder to the rest of the
world to cast away the fatigued and tired ideology of matching strength
with strength and division with division. A direct conflict between nations
Narender Kumar
The profound
struggle of
humanity will
be for control
of wealth and
for ideologies
and strategic
autonomy in
an environment
which is
increasingly
globalised.

will become history. Large conventional
Armies will have to give way to Special Forces
with precise capabilities. According to John
Arquilla,“Many and Small” beats “Little and
Large” and “swarming will be the new method
of surging”.
Reshaping the Military Strategy for
the Future
Why is there a need to reexamine the future
landscape of conflict? First, the era of large
scale conventional inter-state wars is nearing an end, and, second, there
is the rise of ambiguous, protracted and indecisive conflict in a complex
environment.4
Armed conflict will now be for stabilisation rather than
regime change or defeating a rogue state. The focus will be on small wars
since the internal conflict in itself could become intolerable to the global
community because the national and international interests are entwined.
Mr Obama, the President of the United States of America has already
laid down the new roadmap for future strategies and force structuring
of the US Army to deal with the emerging contours of conflict. It is
interesting to note that the President had six rounds of deliberations with
the Pentagon in 2011 before he unveiled the future strategy and force
restructuring. The strategic imperatives he defined for the Pentagon are:
ƒ
ƒ The US Army needs to get rid of the “Cold War era syndrome.
ƒ
ƒ The US needs a smaller, more agile, leaner force, with precise
capabilities to defend strategic and national interests globally.
ƒ
ƒ It needs to refocus and reinvest in intelligence operations and cyber
warfare.
ƒ
ƒ A leaner capability is required to maintain military superiority for a full
spectrum war on land, air, sea, space, and the cyber and psychological
domains.
A leaner
capability
is required
to maintain
military
superiority for
a full spectrum
war on land, air,
sea, space, and
the cyber and
psychological
domains.
Changing Face of Conflict: Need to Reshape Military Philosophy

ƒ
ƒ Focus is needed on strategies for back to
the future.
ƒ
ƒ Conventionally, fighting a worst case war
is to be avoided.
ƒ
ƒ This time, be more efficient, employ
more technology with precise capabilities.
ƒ
ƒ Change the course, if required, in terms of
force structuring or strategy.
ƒ
ƒ Maintain the capability to prevail upon
two militarily capable aggressor nations.
ƒ
ƒ The military must fight one war at a time,
but if forced, it must deny the objective to
one and impose unacceptable costs of war
on the other aggressor.
An important facet of his new strategy is to build precise military
capabilities to deal with small wars, and a hedging military strategy against
conventional adversaries (China, Russia and rogue states).
Will the Conventional Land Forces Become Irrelevant? If the
future wars are going to be fought in the political, economic, social
and limited military domains, what is the justification for having large
conventional Armies? A range of factors will make large-scale, state-on-
state war rare or even obsolete. The costs and risks of a conventional war
are going to be so huge that nations will avoid it. Even rogue nations such
as Pakistan and North Korea which are otherwise aggressive, weak and
irrational, will avoid risking a conventional war. In our context, the threat
of a large war may have been reduced but the constant threat scenario
does remain relevant since India is encircled by inimical state and non-
state actors who are capable of threatening the sovereignty of this nation.
Though a conventional Army is relevant as a dissuasive deterrent, there
is a case for taking a fresh look at force restructuring in the backdrop
Narender Kumar
The threat of a
large war may have
been reduced but
the constant threat
scenario does
remain relevant
since India is
encircled by
inimical state and
non-state actors
who are capable
of threatening the
sovereignty of this
nation.

of the following emerging trends in war-
fighting.
Remote Control War: It is not always
necessary to put boots on the ground
when other means are available. Why risk
men and material in a hostile environment
when the same objectives can be achieved
by employing drones and weapon systems
which can be controlled electronically?
Afghanistan and the Iraq War have given an
impetus to the remote control war. Pitfalls
from such engagement are collateral
damage if the intelligence is inaccurate or
there is an error of judgement. This war
can be fought by a laptop warrior sitting thousands of kilometres away,
without fear of retaliation.
No Contact War: Brig Arun Sahgal defines the no contact war “as
a strategy aimed at political coercion through stage managed political,
economic, and psychological effects”. The entire concept of “no contact
war” is aimed at striking at key points to paralyse the enemy’s entire range
of politico-military systems, and is aimed at immobilising its command
structures. A possible dimension includes, “intimidation warfare”. This
comprises military pressure or show of force i.e. actions short of war,
including build-up and large-scale military exercises, computer network
attacks, electronic attacks, psychological operations and provocative air
and naval activity.
War of Collusion: In an Indian context, proxy war in Jammu and
Kashmir (J&K) and expanding Left Wing Extremism (LWE) are the
result of a war of collusion between two of our inimical neighbours,
wherein the tools employed are state sponsored non-state actors and
rogue government agencies (Inter-Services Intelligence–ISI). The war
Soft targets will be
in focus because
the hybrid threat
will manifest in the
rear areas or within
the hinterland.
An attack on such
targets will attract
considerable media
glare and may be
able to divert the
attention and focus
from the main
threat for a brief
period.

of collusion can be employed to subdue
a nation by employing traditional and
non-traditional means of war-waging. The
nexus or collusion of Pakistan, China and
non-state actors cannot be ruled out in
the Indian context and has the potential
to destabilise the region and create a
situation of insecurity within the confines
of national boundaries. The expansion of
the ‘Red Corridor’ and the footprints of
the jihadi upsurge across the country, from
J&K to Manipur, are causes of concern.
Soft Targets Will be in Focus:
Soft targets will be in focus, because the hybrid threat will manifest in
the rear areas or within the hinterland. An attack on such targets will
attract considerable media glare and may be able to divert the attention
and focus from the main threat for a brief period. Layered security and
situational awareness make such attacks more difficult but then such a
security umbrella has a cost in terms of the national exchequer, liberty or
freedom of citizens and dilution of combat resources from the primary
task to secondary ones.
Outsourced War: Estimates of the numbers of outsourced security
personnel in Afghanistan vary from 130,000 to 160,000. Private military
contracted personnel account for nearly two-thirds of all the Pentagon’s
personnel in Afghanistan, the highest ratio in any conflict in the history
of the US.5
This new strategy has pitfalls and military jurists are equally
concerned that by ignoring the well-thought out doctrine on civilians’
role in warfare, contractors now operate in a legal no man’s land,
beyond the established boundaries of the military or international law.6
The Pentagon believes that this kind of strategy to fight a war is cost-
effective and with the least amount of liability and accountability. It is
Narender Kumar
The presence of
a large number
of trained armed
cadres in our
neighbourhood,
who could be
hired to outsource
war against India
or militarily weak
and vulnerable
regional states is
a threat to peace
and stability in the
region.

an alternative which has been found to fight a war in a troubled and
inhospitable environment. The outsourced war-fighting model comprises
“train, assist, enable and abandon”. This model is being tested in Africa,
Iraq and Afghanistan by the United States of America and North Atlantic
Treaty Organisation (NATO). The judgement is already out on such
warriors but in a muted voice: it is being considered unethical, immoral
and against the international law for employment of civilians in a war
zone. The presence of a large number of trained armed cadres in our
neighbourhood, who could be hired to outsource war against India or
militarily weak and vulnerable regional states, is a threat to peace and
stability in the region.
Cyber Warfare/Digital Warfare: This comprises use of electronics
and computers to paralyse networks, communication systems, military
and civilian facilities, and is intended to disrupt and deny these for
military and non-military purposes by fighting with electrons rather
than explosives.7
Leon Panetta, former Defence Secretary of the United
States of America has stated that a “Cyber Pearl Harbour” can disable
the national power grid, commercial banking system and transportation
system. The resultant loss will be even more than that caused by the
actual Pearl Harbour attack during World War II. It is estimated that
last year, the total loss caused by cyber crimes the world over amounted
to approximately one trillion dollars. The biggest challenge is that more
often than not, the retaliation or response to a cyber war is near impossible
because such war can be caused even by an individual, and needs no Army.
There is a thin line between crime and cyber war. It is emerging as more
potent and dangerous than any other form of warfare. The keyboard and
mouse are proving to be more dangerous than any kinetic weapon.
Mind as a Weapon/ Perception of Just Cause: It is an established
fact that the “barrel of the gun cannot stop the will of a man”. Al Qaeda
is one prominent organisation which manipulates the mind through
ideology and uses the mind as a weapon system. It provides motivation

and ideology rather than weapon systems. Those
who perpetuated 9/11 were not given the weapon
systems to cause huge collateral damage, but
were motivated and convinced that their actions
comprised a just war. Osama bin Laden was a
super empowered individual, who manipulated
the minds of the foot slogging soldiers, forcing
them to close their minds to the aspects of right
and wrong. The objective is important, the means are not. This kind of
warfare where the mind is a weapon system has been in practice since time
immemorial but its potency has increased recently and the boundaries of
the conflict have become unrestricted. Such organisations and individuals
are finding relevance in the trans-national arena. Such warfare poses
a serious challenge to states as it is difficult to anticipate the time and
location of the next engagement. The philosophy is that no target is far
and no individual is above the cause.
4th
Generation / Asymmetric War: Practitioners of 4th
Generation
warfare use a free society and freedom as a tool to operate in a secure
environment; they can move freely within the society while actively
working to subvert it. They use the democratic rights not only to penetrate
society but also to defend themselves.8
This kind of warfare is posing the
greatest challenge to the conventional forces. These fighters are invisible,
and it is cost-effective for those who perpetuate this kind of warfare. India
is one of the most affected nations by this kind of war. The armed forces
have controlled it to a great extent, but the ultimate resolution has to be
within the political, social and economic spheres.
Hybrid War: Hybrid conflicts are full spectrum wars in the physical
and conceptual dimensions: the former, a struggle against an armed
enemy and the latter, a wider struggle for control and support of the
combat zone. It is waged through the indigenous population, with
the support of the intervening nations and the inimical international
To deal with
the hybrid
threat,
sophisticated
conventional
and Special
Forces are
imperative.
Narender Kumar

community.9
The world was shocked by the capability of the hybrid
threat displayed by Hezbollah and Hamas in the recent conflicts in
Lebanon and Gaza. Hezbollah and Hamas have a modicum of training,
organisation, and advanced weapons, particularly if they are operating
“among the people.”10
It is a war between the “Big and Conventional”
and the “Small or Irregular.” The enemies of today and tomorrow will
employ combinations of conventional and sub-conventional capability.11
This kind of warfare in the 21st century is being deemed a “revolution
in warfare” and poses the greatest challenge to states and conventional
forces. It will prove to be one of the most difficult to combat because
it is a mixed war, with conventional war, insurgency and terrorism,
fought from the hinterland and from the population centres. To deal
with the hybrid threat, sophisticated conventional and Special Forces are
imperative. The need is to train regular forces to combat the threat by
adopting the strategy and tactics of irregular warfare. Land forces with
precise information, high mobility and precision engagement are central
to fighting this partially invisible enemy.
Irregular War—A Hedging Military Strategy: In “irregular
warfare,” the battlefield has no limits, because the tactics and strategies are
not traditional. Subversion and the use of Special Forces for clandestine
operations are the main techniques to destabilise the adversary “inside
out.”12
The world has acknowledged that it is far more economical and
sustainable to operate against radicals and non-state actors in a clandestine
manner than fighting with “boots on the ground”. Gen Gordon Sullivan,
United States Army, wrote, “Warfare today has taken a new form and
grown to new levels”.13
This type of warfare is not new, but what is new
is that it has recently reached a global level and the world has been found
ill prepared. It comprises fighting irregular forces by regular forces in a
conventional manner. Pakistan and China have adopted this strategy to
erode the war-waging and military capability of India. In the backdrop of
the above, the most potent strategy is to fight the invisible enemy with

invisible soldiers. Therefore, there is a need to
reshape the mindset and force structuring.
Intelligence-based Operations and
Cyber Warfare
The US is officially spending approximately 10
percent of its defence budget on intelligence and
cyber warfare operations. Obama had requested
an increase of 5.7 percent for the budget of
special operations for the year 2011. He asked for
$6.3 billion, plus US $3.5 billion extra for the contingency clandestine
operations. For 2011, the total defence budget of the USA was $ 872
billion, and $75 billion was meant for the intelligence agencies.14
Such
huge sums of money available for intelligence operations are able to
support and outsource large clandestine operations globally. It is a worry
as well as a lesson for India to lay more focus on intelligence operations
against rogue nations and non-state actors.
Small but Radical Wars: According to Robert M. Gates, US Secretary
of Defence, “The categories of warfare are blurring and no longer fit
into neat, tidy boxes. One can expect to see more tools and tactics of
destruction from the simple and sophisticated means being employed
simultaneously in hybrid and more complex forms of warfare.” There is a
thin line between just wars and radical wars; use of the indirect method or
hired mercenaries/ indoctrinated civilians has become a practice and is no
longer an exception. This poses a serious challenge to the governments to
deal with such wars since they are fought from within the homeland and
the modules are “employ and abandon”. According to the Washington
Post, the USA is carrying out special operations in 75 countries, with the
assistance of 13,000 military troops and civilian experts in intelligence
operations, psychological warfare, targeted killing, training missions, and
other intelligence-based operations15
against radicals and rogue nations.
Narender Kumar
The US is
officially
spending
approximately
10 percent
of its defence
budget on
intelligence
and cyber
warfare
operations.

Synergised and Simultaneous War in All Six Domains: Future
conflicts will be fought in a synergised manner on the ground, sea,
space, air, and the cyber and psychological domains. They need not be
employed in a sequential manner, and there are no rules suggesting that
all six domains will not be engaged simultaneously. Rather future wars
will be won by those who retain the capability to control all six domains
and prevent others from using them.
Media Wars: “Victory and defeat are determined by the media”—this
moralistic simplification is not new in conflict coverage. Governments,
militaries and non-state actors always seek to control information and
shape public perceptions to their advantage most urgently during
conflicts.16
The role of the media gained prominence during the Iraq
invasion by the US. The perception of people was manipulated and what
suited the US-led Allies was fed to the people at large. The Fourth Estate
is assuming much greater significance and is a powerful tool for waging
war. The media also needs to be educated in our own context to be a tool
of war-waging as was done by the Allies during World War II — BBC
performed that task in a remarkable manner. Similarly, during the Cold
War era, BBC, CNN and even Hollywood complemented each other
against the Soviet Republic, and Moscow Radio and Warsaw Pact nations
could not match up to the propaganda of NATO and the Western Allies.
The Kargil War showed an efficient utilisation of the media to shape the
opinion of the nation and the international community.
Jasmine Revolution and Social Media: The Jasmine Revolution
brought into focus the importance and power of the social media.
During the run-up to the Tunisian revolution, 35 percent Tunisians
were connected through the Internet and approximately 19 percent were
connected through Facebook. A bloodless revolution was literally powered
by the social media. This revolution has highlighted that manipulation of
the social media by inimical forces and the government agencies could
be a game changer during a war. The Chinese government is wary of

the power of the social media; it is believed
that if at all there is an uprising against single
party governance in China; the social media
will play a vital role in giving direction and
impetus to the revolution. The exodus of
the citizens of the Northeast from the rest
of India, post Bodo-Muslim clashes in Assam
is a grim reminder of the dangers of a media
war against own people, if regulatory and
intelligence agencies are unable to anticipate,
and take corrective measures against, it.
Economic War: This is emerging as one
of the most potent weapons. Conventional wars can be prevented purely
by initiating an economic war. The tools of economic wars are cyber,
information war, manipulation of forex, stock exchanges, fake currency
to weaken the economy, proliferation of fake goods in international
markets, economic blockade and adverse propaganda of racial bias and
exploitation.
The Way Ahead
Strategic wisdom lies in anticipation of, and preparation for, future wars.
Those who disobey the trajectory of change are bound to bring disrepute
and catastrophe to their nation. The changing face of conflict and
rapidly developing strategies warrant transformation of the armed forces
and evolution of strategies to deal with emerging military challenges.
Napoleon had said, “Space I can recover, but the time I cannot”. Rational
thinking suggests that military capabilities should be built to deal with
the military threats on the horizon, which are likely to emerge in the
future, and which may even be invisible. The trend lines suggest that
the armed forces should not remain focussed to deal with impending
conventional threats but should structure themselves to deal with the full
Narender Kumar
Strategic
wisdom lies in
anticipation of,
and preparation
for, future
wars. Those
who disobey
the trajectory
of change are
bound to bring
disrepute and
catastrophe to
their nation.

spectrum war in all six domains. Transformation
of organisational structures, training, equipping,
evolution of doctrines and tactics comprises a time
consuming and continuous process. But what is
important is that the threats are dynamic and so
should be the preparation to deal with them. A
focus towards the future is essential and, hence,
there is a need to cast aside the tired ideology of
overreliance on large conventional forces. The next war is unlikely to be
like the last war. Therefore, in this muddled and foggy environment, what
should be the way ahead?
War of Division versus Division Will be History: Pitching strength
against strength is an outdated concept. Conflicts between states are
unlikely until or unless a nation turns rogue or irrational. Therefore, the
way ahead lies in investing in Special Forces with precise capabilities for
wide ranging contingencies. Capabilities should be linked to the emerging
threats and challenges.
Agile and Lean Forces: Agility in a force is induced by its readiness
profile, mobility and quick transformation from one role to another
without major logistic liability. Future engagements are likely to occur
unanticipated and the response thereof has to be rapid and lethal. There
will not be time to rehearse or carry out a detailed battle procedure.
Therefore, agility and the ability to operate in an environment of
information vacuum is the key to success.
Capability for All Terrains: India cannot afford a Special Force
for each domain; therefore, all terrain forces are a must with the future
in mind. Special Forces should be able to operate within, and beyond,
theterritorial boundaries of India, on the land, through the sea and
through the air.
Technologically Empowered Special Forces: Special Forces should
be lighter, more lethal, manoeuvrable, survivable, and more readily
The way
ahead lies in
investing in
Special Forces
with precise
capabilities for
wide ranging
contingencies.

deployed and employed in an integrated
manner. They must not only be capable
of conducting dispersed operations, but
also be able to force entry in anti-access or
area-denial environments.17
Special Forces
should also have the capability to operate
beyond Indian territory. This is imperative
considering India’s strategic interests and
stakes in the Indian Ocean Region.
Evolution of Strategy and Doctrine:
The strategy and doctrine must be put
in place before conceptualising the force
restructuring. In fact, the first tool of deterrence is defining and declaring
a strategy and doctrine. This is a weak area as far as our own military work
ethos is concerned. Research and capability-based strategy and doctrine
are required to be defined. This, in fact, lays down what we expect from
the defence forces in a military engagement.
Building Joint and Combined Arms Capabilities: A theatrised
approach is the right way to move ahead. Jointness, integrated and
synergised efforts are required for a highly mobile, sophisticated and lethal
environment. Most of the Armies in the world have adopted integration
over jointness. Cyber war, information war, out of area contingencies and
hybrid threats are some of the areas wherein the integration of resources
is imperative and must be handled by a domain commander who could
be nominated.
Comprehensive National Security Strategy: The strategy for
the complete spectrum of conflict is required to be holistic and
synergised in nature though the tools may be different and the task
forces may be operating in different domains. A multi-layer security
mechanism is needed to build a comprehensive security strategy
against an ambiguous or undefined threat. For example, counter-
Narender Kumar
The National War
Research Centre
should be the
central agency to
give policy inputs
with regard to
the impending
threat, response
mechanism and
timely course
correction for
dealing with a
security problem.

terrorism levers are intelligence, the military, law enforcement,
diplomacy and financial sanctions to deal simultaneously against those
operating from within the country or having cross-border linkages.
The national security strategy will be effective if the following tools
are provided to it:
Conflict Prevention, Conflict Management and Conflict
Termination Strategy: The roadmap should always be prepared for
conflict prevention, conflict management and conflict termination.
What must not be forgotten is that prevention of conflict which includes
efforts to pressure, cajole, arbitrate, mediate, and/or encourage dialogue
and facilitate non-violent resolutions of crisis should not be ignored.
Confidence-building measures, fact-finding missions, early warning
networks, preventive deployment, and close interaction with the masses
are all essential. In most cases, the situation has gone out of hand when
preventive engagement, escalation prevention, prevention of relapse
of escalation, preventive deployment and early warning are ignored.
Negotiation and mediation are tools that have been used in conflicts
around the world with varying outcomes18
and cannot be put on hold
for long. These are a part of strategy and cannot be glossed over. This
is as important as the planning and preparation for war. In fact, in the
given environment, more important than fighting a war are prevention,
management and termination of conflict.
Rapid Response Mechanism: Success or failure will be dictated by
the response mechanism. That does not mean only the security forces.
A bigger role in this aspect is played by the intelligence agencies, which
should forewarn, prepare the state security forces for the impending
threat, guide them till the target and give inputs for a change in strategy
or stance. Ultimately, what is significant is the preparation and response
to an undefined threat. Therefore, a part of the security establishment
should be in the readiness profile at all times. A rapid response also
means the capability to reach, the capability to operate in an information

vacuum and the capability to handle various
contingencies, ranging from conventional to
unconventional threats.
National War Research Centre: The
National War Research Centre should be the
central agency to give policy inputs with regard
to the impending threat, response mechanism
and timely course correction for dealing with
a security problem. Ideally, it should operate under the National Security
Adviser (NSA). In fact, it should be the hub of the NSA from where the
new trajectory and ideas emerge to make the security set-up efficient and
foolproof.
Conclusion
The biggest enemy of military leaders is their inability to follow the
unconventional approach. The next war will not be like the previous war
and if the military refuses to change, the outcome of the war will certainly
be negative. The fear of failure often forces a military leader to adopt a
tried and tested strategy, with the least risk, but this is not likely to succeed
in the wars of the future. In the backdrop of the above, the security forces
must prepare for the wars they may have to fight and not for the wars they
want to fight. Those who refuse to change with a changed environment
rarely bring victory and often become victims of an ageing psychology
and tired ideas.
By its nature, dramatic change in large military organisations involves
a long-term process that could span decades or more. The gestation
period of military preparation is long, thus, perspective planning is vital
to look ahead and change with the emerging trendlines. Overreliance
on conventional forces for full spectrum threats is suicidal and will force
the nation to always punch below the capability. The political leadership
needs to engage more with the process of policy decisions and cannot
Overreliance on
conventional
forces for full
spectrum threats
is suicidal and
will force the
nation to always
punch below the
capability.
Narender Kumar

afford to leave it to bureaucrats. The world over, the bureaucracy and the
military have never been on the same page with regard to policy decisions
and how a problem has to be handled. That is why the political leadership
globally has always engaged directly with the military and not through
the bureaucracy. The major reason for this is that the military matters are
not procedures of government departments.
Notes
1. Anne-Marie Slaughter, “War and Law in the 21st Century: Adapting to the Changing Face
of Conflict,” available at Security and Defence, http://www.princeton.edu.
2. William S Lind et al., “The Changing Face of War: Into the Fourth Generation,” Marine
Corps Gazette, October 1989.
3. “Changing Nature of Conflict: Trends and Responses,” Manekshaw Paper, No 18 (New
Delhi: Centre for Land Warfare Studies, 2010).
4. Steven Metz and Raymond A Millen, “Future War/Future Battlespace: The Strategic Role
of American Landpower,” Strategic Studies Institute (Carlisle, PA: US Army War College,
March 2003).
5. Marie-Dominique Charlier, “Afghanistan’s Outsourced War,” Le Monde Diplomatique,
cited in RAWA News, February 9, 2010.
6. Peter W Singer, “Outsourcing the War,” The Brookings Institution, April 16, 2004.
7. Military Digital Complex in Wikipedia and cyber operations as defined by The Washington Post.
8. Lind et al. n. 2.
9. John J McCuen, “Hybrid Wars,” Military Review, March-April 2008, pp. 107-113.
10. David E Johnson, Military Capabilities for Hybrid War: Insights from the Israel Defense
Forces in Lebanon and Gaza (Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation, 2010).
11. “Are We Ready for Hybrid Wars?” Small Wars Journal, by the Editors, February 2, 2008.
12. Lisa Karpova, “The Secret War Against Bolivia (And the Rest of the World),” The Guardian;
The Worker’s Weekly (Communist Party of Australia), No. 1463, July 14, 2010.
13. “Irregular Warfare Center of Excellence and Analytical Insights,” Publication by the
Irregular Warfare Centre, Inc., 2009.
14. Karpova, n. 12.
15. Ibid.
16. Thomas Lansner, “Mali’s War Unseen,” Think Africa Press, available at http://
thinkafricapress.com/mali/malis-‐war-‐unseen April 2, 2013.
17. “Defense Transformation,” Andrew Krepinevich, Executive Director, Centre for Strategic
and Budgetary Assessments, Testimony Before the United States Senate Committee on
Armed Services, April 9, 2002.
18. Niklas Swanström, ed., “Conflict Prevention and Conflict Management in Northeast Asia,”
Central Asia-Caucasus Institute & Silk Road Studies Programmes, 2005, p. 14.

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