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Chap 23
- 1. Chapter 23: TheRise of EuropeAn Age of Revolution, Industry, and Empire1750-1914
- 2. Part I: Revolutionand Nation StatesEnlightenment and revolutionary ideasThe American RevolutionThe French RevolutionThe reign of Napoleon BonaparteNew ideologies: conservatism, liberalism, and radicalismNations and nationalismThe unification of Italy and Germany
- 3. Enlightenment and RevolutionaryIdeasBefore the Enlightenment, rulers:Were autocratsClaimed divine rightWere often closely linked to religious institutions
- 4. Enlightenment philosophies (17thand 18th centuries) questioned the arbitrary rule of monarchsLocke argued governments function is to protect peoples rights and to remove divine agents from governmentIndividual rights examinedVoltaire questioned religious intolerance and government censorship
- 5. Political and legalequality soughtRousseau argues the aristocracy do not contribute more to society and therefore shouldn’t have more rightsDiscussions about ending slavery and treating indigenous people as equals emergeEnlightenment ideas have a global impactIncreasing literacy rates and cheap books rapid spread of ideasSocial reformers and revolutionaries demand enlightened change on behalf of people
- 6. The American RevolutionBy1760, American colonists chafe under British ruleEconomic impact of Seven Years War increasing taxes in coloniesColonists argue they should govern their own affairsNo taxation w/o representation (Locke) Boston Tea Party 17731774- Constitutional Convention formed to organize resistance to British policies
- 7. Declaration of Independenceshowcases Enlightenment ideasEquality- Rousseau, VoltaireLife, liberty, property- LockeGovernment derives power from the consent of the governed- Locke, Rousseau, Montesquieu1787- Constitutional Convention creates government based on Montesquieu’s three branch system and popular sovereigntyBill of Rights- first 10 amendments: protects peoples’ rights against government tyranny
- 8. The French RevolutionFrenchrevolutionaries grow to hate “ancien regime” and want to replace with new social and political order based on Enlightenment thoughtOverspending, government debt, and poor weather all contribute to serious economic troubleLouis XVI calls the Estates General to fix the economic disaster
- 9. The Estates GeneralCouncilmade up of three estates that had the power to raise taxesBroken up into three groups based on social class called EstatesThe Estates General had not met in over 100 years since the reign of Louis XIV
- 10. Each Estate gotone vote when the Estates General met
- 11. The Third Estatedemands reform to give the majority greater economic and political equality Creation of the National AssemblyJune 17, 1789- National Assembly writes The Declaration of the Rights of Man and the CitizenJune 20, 1789- Tennis Court OathJuly 14, 1789- Peasants storm the Bastille, from the beginning this revolution is more violent and radical than the American
- 13. 1789-1791 The ModeratePhase…Main ideas: “Liberty, Equality, Fraternity”Abolished serfdom and social rankCreated a constitutional monarchyMade the Catholic Church subordinate to the state, and all members of the clergy civil employees, confiscated Church landsMost people continue to live in poverty despite changes
- 14. Rumors begin tofly…The king is corresponding with nobles who fled FranceAustria and Prussia are planning an invasion to restore Louis XVI to full power creation of more radical government, the National ConventionBegins policy of universal military conscriptionDeclares war on Austria and PrussiaPut members of nobility and aristocracy on trial executions, even Louis XVI!
- 15. 1793-1794 The Reignof Terror: radical terror controls FranceMaximilien Robespierre and radical Jacobins gain control of the National ConventionUse terror to try to establish a “republic of virtue” Try to replace Christianity with a “Cult of Reason”Terror ends with Robespierre’s executionNew government, the Directory created = horrible failure!
- 16. The Reign ofNapoleon BonaparteDuring the revolution, Napoleon makes a name for himself as a successful general1799- Napoleon joins the DirectoryOverthrows the Directory after Austria, Britain, and Russia form an alliance against France1802- Imposes a constitution and names himself emperor
- 17. Napoleon brought peaceand prosperity to FranceMade peace with the Catholic Church but insisted on religious toleranceWrote the Civil Code (Code Napoleon)Affirmed political and legal equality between all menEstablished a merit-based societyEncouraged freedom of occupationProtected private propertyBut…Kept women subservient to menDid not create a representative governmentLimited free speech and censored the press
- 18. Napoleon uses his“Grand Army” to try to conquer EuropeConquered Iberia, Italy, and the NetherlandsForced Austria, Prussia, and Russia to ally with him and accept a French hegemonyFinally defeated in 1812 and again in 1815 by a joint British, Austrian, Prussian, and Russian confederation that forced Napoleon to abdicate and go into exile (two times!)Napoleon’s armies spread Enlightenment ideas and nationalism as they conquered and inspired revolutions around the Atlantic world
- 19. New Political IdeologiesTheAmerican and French Revolutions help crystallize political ideologiesConservatism: See society as an organism that will change slowly over the course of many generationsEnglish philosopher Edmund Burke condemned radical revolutionary change and denounced the violence and chaos of the French Revolution
- 20. Liberalism: Embraced andwelcomed change as an agent of progressSaw conservatism as a tool of the aristocracy to maintain powerWanted to manage change to bring about Enlightenment freedom and equalityFavored representative monarchy, but feared full democracyPreferred to work within the political system to achieve change peacefully over the use of violence
- 21. Radicalism- The ideathat rapid extreme change was needed to grant all people full rightsFavored full democracyFavored full equality for all races and gendersWilling to use violence to make change happen
- 22. The Congress ofViennaMeeting of European leaders following Napoleon’s defeatRepresents a conservative response to Napoleon and the French RevolutionExiled Napoleon to St. HelenaReestablished pre-revolution monarchies, including FranceCreated a balance of power by weakening France and strengthening its neighbors
- 23. Nations and NationalismRevolutionarychange emergence of modern nationsWhat is a nation (nation-state?)Nationalists argued that it is gov’ts job to promote the interests of their group, sometimes using violence as needed
- 24. Nationalist leaders oftenviewed outsiders and minorities with suspicion anti-SemitismAnti-Semitism Zionist movement: goal = create a homeland for the Jews in Palestine
- 25. Emergence of NationalCommunitiesResistance to Napoleon’s growing empire helps define new nations in EuropeNapoleon’s defeat conservative control over European nationsConservative control revolutions1820- Greeks successfully revolt against Ottoman rule (also nationalism)1830 and 1848- Liberals in France, Austria and Prussia revolt against conservative monarchies but do not succeed in making major changesConservatives see that some compromise is necessary to prevent revolutions in the future
- 27. Italy Unifies1859- CountCamillodi Cavour of Sardinia allies with France to drive out Austria and Prussia1860- Giuseppe Garibaldi brings southern Italy into alliance with Sardinia1870- King Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia becomes king of united Italy Italy does not gain control of “Italia Irridente” (Italy unredeemed) land in the north east remaining under Austrian control
- 29. Germany Unifies1815- Congressof Vienna denies Prussia request to form a Germanic kingdom; Metternich fears upsetting the Balance of Power1830- Liberals revolt against Prussian monarch Wilhelm I, but are stopped by conservative forces1848- Liberal revolt and attempt to create a limited monarchy fail
- 31. 1862- Wilhelm Iof Prussia appoints anti-parliamentarian Otto von Bismarck Prime Minister to use “Blood and Iron” to unify the German people under Prussian rule1864-1870- Bismarck provokes war and wins against Austria, France, Denmark increased territory and nationalism1871- Wilhelm I crowns himself Kaiser of the second German reich