Chapter 1 and 2 -Unit1.xls.pptx (1).hpdf

By: Resty J, Arcayna, LPT
UNIT 1
Meaning and
Relevance of History

CHAPTER 1
History and
Historical Research

At the end of this chapter, the student is expected to:
1. Evaluate primary sources for their credibility, authenticity, and provenance
Chapter Outline:
1. Defining History
a. Some Comments about History
b. Why Study History?
c. History Differentiated
2. Defining Historical Research
3. Theories of History
LEARNING OUTCOMES:

❑ WHAT IS HISTORY?
❑ How is it different from
other disciplines or other
forms of writing?
❑ How is it the same?
DEFINING HISTORY

“DEFINING HISTORY”
by Robert Milton Underwood, Jr.

Ibig sabihin ay pananaliksik
Ulat o buod ng resulta ng pananaliksik
Agham na naglalarawan at sumusuri sa makabuluhang
pangyayari na naganap
HISTORY- galing sa
salitang historia na mula
naman sa wikang Griyego

It seems that a definition of history
should include all things that have ever
happened. That definition would include
all physical events and occurrences. It
would also seem that the definition of
history would be synonymous with a
definition of the past, the sum total of all
things that have ever happened.

HISTORy On the other side, events occurring
before written record are considered
prehistoric; an umbrella term that relates to
past events as well as the memory, discovery,
collection, organization, presentation and
interpretation of information about these
events. Hence, scholars who write about history
are called Historians

HISTORy THE WORD
HISTORY IS
REFFERED USUALLY
FOR ACCOUNTS OF
PHENOMENA,
SPECIALLY HUMAN
AFFAIRS IN

What is the definition
of history?
a) The study of future events
b) The study of past events
c) The study of current events
d) The study of fictional events

What role does history play in
understanding societies?
a) It does not play any role
b) It helps to predict the future of societies
c) It helps us understand how societies have evolved
over time
d) It helps us change societies in a desired way

It is attaching meaning to the
past events. Attaching
meaning is not easy, and
entails problems associated
with interpretation if those
interpretations are biased or
incomplete.
IDEALISM

It is another approach by
which to describe history. Its
premise is that “the
autonomy of the past
must be respected.”
HISTORICISM

It is a belief that there is no
absolute truth and that all
views of history are valid.
Relativism shows its inherent
weakness when a viewpoint
attempts to deny history,
especially in the face of
overwhelming proof.
RELATIVISM

Tosh describes social memory as
being “based on concensus.”
But beliefs based on consensus
can lead to error.
Perhaps the greatest problem
for historians is in the
accurate reporting of history
SOCIAL MEMORY

There are theories constructed by
historians in investigating history;
a). Factual History
b). Speculative History

FACTUAL HISTORY
PRESENTS READERS THE PLAIN AND
BASIC INFORMATION, THE EVENTS
THAT TOOK PLACE (WHAT), THE TIME
AND DATE WITH WHICH THE EVENT
HAPPENED (WHEN), THE PLACE WITH
WHICH THE EVENT TOOK PLACE, AND
THE PEOPLE THAT WERE INVOLVED
(WHO).

SPECULATIVE HISTORY it goes beyond facts
because it is concerned about the reasons for which
events happened (why), and the way they happened
(how).
- it tries to speculate on the cause and effect of an
event – (Cantal, Cardinal et.al.)

Who led the Philippine Revolution against Spanish
colonization in 1896?
A) José Rizal
B) Emilio Aguinaldo
C) Andres Bonifacio
D) Apolinario Mabini

Who led the Philippine Revolution against Spanish
colonization in 1896?
A) José Rizal
B) Emilio Aguinaldo
C) Andres Bonifacio
D) Apolinario Mabini
FACTUAL
WHAT
WHEN
WHO

Why might the Philippine Revolution have succeeded earlier if
more provinces had joined the uprising in 1896, and how could
this have impacted the eventual Spanish-American War?
A) The increased support would have overwhelmed Spanish forces,
leading to an early victory for the Filipinos and preventing the U.S.
from intervening.
B) A broader revolution would have resulted in harsher Spanish
repression, delaying independence even further.
C) The revolution's early success would have forced Spain to negotiate,
leading to a peaceful transfer of power before the U.S. could get
involved.
D) An early success might have fragmented the revolutionary forces,
leading to internal conflicts and weakening the independence
movement.

Why might the Philippine Revolution have succeeded earlier if
more provinces had joined the uprising in 1896, and how could
this have impacted the eventual Spanish-American War?
A) The increased support would have overwhelmed Spanish forces,
leading to an early victory for the Filipinos and preventing the U.S.
from intervening.
B) A broader revolution would have resulted in harsher Spanish
repression, delaying independence even further.
C) The revolution's early success would have forced Spain to negotiate,
leading to a peaceful transfer of power before the U.S. could get
involved.
D) An early success might have fragmented the revolutionary forces,
leading to internal conflicts and weakening the independence
movement.
SPECULATIVE

It is quantitatively expressing history
through statistics and Mathematics.
A cliometric approach is very useful to
the historian. For example, it is of
interest to the historian to know how
many people died during a certain
battle of the Civil War.
CLIOMETRICS

Study Topic: The Economic Impact of the Manila-Acapulco
Galleon Trade (1565-1815) on Philippine Development
Approach: A cliometric study on this topic might involve collecting
quantitative data on the volume and value of goods traded
between Manila and Acapulco, the amount of silver that flowed
into the Philippines, and demographic changes in key trading
areas like Manila and Cebu during the Galleon Trade era.
The researcher would use statistical methods to analyze how this
trade affected economic indicators, such as the growth of the
local economy, changes in population density in trading hubs,
and shifts in agricultural production due to increased demand for
export goods like silk and spices.
CLIOMETRICS

Result: The study might reveal that while the
Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade brought significant wealth
to certain parts of the Philippines, it also led to economic
imbalances, with wealth concentrated in a few urban
areas like Manila. The reliance on the trade might have
hindered broader economic development by discouraging
diversification in agriculture and industry. This conclusion
would be based on quantitative analysis, showing the
mixed economic impact of the Galleon Trade on the
overall development of the Philippines.
CLIOMETRICS

A. SOME COMMENTS ABOUT
HISTORY

Why Study History?
History - both knowledge
of the past and the
practice of researching
and making sense of
what happened in the
past - is crucially
important to the welfare
of individuals,
communities, and the
future of our nation.

According to proc
esshistory.org , the study
of history is essential for
the following reasons:
❖ To Ourselves
❖ To Our Communities
❖ To our Future

C. HISTORY
DIFFERENTIATED
1. HISTORY VS. PAST
2. HISTORY VS. PRE-HISTORY
3. HISTORY VS. THE OTHER DISCIPLINES
4. HISTORY, HISTORICITY, AND HISTORIOGRAPHY
5. HISTORY VS. HERSTORY

2. DEFINING HISTORICAL RESEARCH
Historical research "comprises
the techniques and guidelines
by which historians use primary
sources and other evidence,
including the evidence of
archaeology, to research and
then to write histories in the
form of accounts of the past."

a. The Purposes of Historical Research
The main purpose of
Historical Research is to
describe and examine
events of the past to
understand the present
and anticipate potential
future effects.
Historical research aims to reach
insights or conclusions about past
persons or occurrences. Historical
research entails more than simply
compiling and presenting factual
information; it also requires
interpretation of the information.
01 02

b. Characteristics of Historical
Research
1. The unique characteristic of historical research is that it focuses
exclusively on the past. (Fraenkel & Wallen, n.d.)
2. Historical research is not a mere accumulation of facts and data
or even a portrayal of past events. It is a flowing, vibrant report
of past events which involves an analysis and explanation of
these occurrences with the objective of recapturing the
nuances, personalities, and ideas that influenced these events.

b. Characteristics of Historical Research
3. Conducting historical research involves the process of collecting and reading the
research material collected and writing the manuscript from the data collected.
The researcher of ten goes back and forth between collecting, reading, and
writing. i.e. the process of data collection and analysis are done simultaneously
and are not two distinct phases of research.
4. It deals with the discovery of data that already exists and does not involve the
creation of data using structured tools.
5. It is analytical in that it uses logical induction.
6. It has a variety of foci such as issues, events, movements, and concepts.
7. It records and evaluates the accomplishments of individuals, agencies, or
institutions. (University of Calicut, n.d .)

c. Advantages and Disadvantages of Historical
Research
Advantages
1. The main advantage of historical research is that it permits the
investigation of topics that could be studied in no other way. It is the
only research method that can study evidence from the past. (Fraenkel
& Wallen, n.d.)
2. The historical method is well suited for trend analysis.
3. The research is not physically involved in the situation under study.
4. No danger of experimenter-subject interaction.
5. Documents are located by the researcher, data is gathered, and
conclusions are drawn out of sight.

c. Advantages and Disadvantages of Historical
Research
Disadvantages
1. A disadvantage is that controlling for many of the threats to internal validity
is not possible in historical research. Many of the threats to internal validity
are likely to exist in historical studies. (Fraenkel & Wallen, n.d.)
2. The researcher cannot control for threats to internal validity
3. Limitations are imposed due to the content analysis
4. Researchers cannot ensure the representation of the sample.
5. There is bias in interpreting historical sources.
6. Interpreting sources is very time-consuming.
7. Availability of sources of historical materials may be problematic
8. There is a lack of control over external variables

d. Steps in Historical Research
There are four essential steps involved in doing a historical study. These
include:
1. Identifying a topic/subject and defining the problem or hypothesis to
be investigated;
2. Searching for sources of data and other relevant source materials;
3. Summarizing and evaluating the sources the researcher is able to
locate;
4. Analyzing, synthesizing, and interpreting the evidence obtained and
then drawing conclusions about the problem or hypothesis.

This view believes that some elite, the Best Race, the
favored nation, the ruling class alone make history.
The Old Testament assumed that the Israelites were
God’s chosen people.
THE BEST PEOPLE
VIEW OF HISTORY

This view of history is one in which the driving force in
history is people's ideas. The conditions that create
history are created or changed by ideas.
The Greek Anaxagoras said: "Reason (Nous) governs the
world."
Aristotle held that the prime mover of the universe and the
ultimate animator of everything within it was God, who
was defined as a pure mind engaged in thinking about
itself.
v

This view believes that history, in the last analysis, has been
determined by the qualities of human nature, good or bad.
Human nature, like nature itself, is regarded as rigid and
unchanging from one generation to another. The historian's task
was to demonstrate what these invariant traits of the human
constitution and character were, how the course of history
exemplified them, and how the social structure was molded or
had to be remodeled in accordance with them. (Novack, n.d.)
The Human Nature View of History

The economic view sees economic factors as the most important
determinant of history. The production and exchange of goods
and services are the bases of all social structures and processes.
The economic factor is the foundation for the superstructure of
culture and government.
Karl Marx (1818-1883) is the foremost proponent of this view. He
disagreed with Hegel by saying that it was not ideas that created
material conditions, but rather the reverse.
Economic View of History

Gender history looks at the past from the perspective of gender. It
considers in what ways historical events and periodization
impact women differently from men.
Joan Kelly questioned whether the notion of a Renaissance was
relevant to women in a seminal article in 1977, "Did Women
have a Renaissance?"
Gender History

The Postmodern view of history differs dramatically from
that of all other worldviews. While a Christian worldview
sees history as the grand unfolding of God’s divine plan to
redeem a fallen humanity, the radical Postmodernist on
the other hand sees no ultimate purpose in history.
POST-MODERN VIEW OF HISTORY

There are a number of other theories that attempt to explain
history. Some historians suggest that history is the result
of geographic factors, and others suggest that wars
determine history. Still, others suggest that religion, race,
or climate determines the course of history.
Other Views of History

At the end of this chapter, the student is expected to:
1. Evaluate primary sources for their credibility, authenticity, and provenance
Chapter Outline:
1. Distinction of Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Sources
a. Primary Sources
b. Secondary Sources
c. Tertiary Sources
2. External and Internal Criticism
a. External Criticism
b. Internal Criticism
c. General Principles for Determining Reliability
LEARNING OUTCOMES:

1 . Documents are written or printed materials that have been produced
in one form or another sometime in the past.
2. Numerical records include any type of numerical data in printed or
handwritten Form.
3. Oral statements include any form of a statement made orally by
someone.
4. Relics are any objects whose physical or visual characteristics can
provide some information about the past. (Fraenkel & Wallen, n.d.)
Most historical source materials can be grouped into four basic
categories: documents numerical records, oral statements, and
relics.

1. Distinction of
Primary,
Secondary, and
Tertiary Sources

1. Primary Sources
Primary sources give firsthand,
original, and unfiltered information.
Examples are eyewitness accounts,
personal journals, interviews, surveys,
experiments, historical documents,
and artifacts. These sources have a
close, direct connection to their
subjects.
A
B
C

2. Secondary Sources
Secondary sources are one step
removed from the topic. While
they can be just as valuable as
primary sources, you must
remember that secondary
information is filtered through
someone else's perspective and
may be biased.

3. Tertiary Sources
Secondary sources are one step
removed from the topic. While
they can be just as valuable as
primary sources, you must
remember that secondary
information is filtered through
someone else's perspective and
may be biased.

a. Types of Primary Sources
❖ 1. Autobiographies and Memoirs
❖ 2. Diaries, Personal Letters, and
Correspondence
❖ 3. Interviews, Surveys, and Fieldwork
❖ 4. Photographs and Posters
❖ 5. Works of Art and Literature
❖ 6. Speeches and Oral Histories

b. Types of Secondary Sources
❖ l. Bibliographies
❖ 2. Biographical works
❖ 3. Periodicals
❖ 4. Literature reviews
and review articles (e.g.,
movie reviews, book
reviews)

c. Types of Tertiary Sources
❖ 1. General references such as
dictionaries, encyclopedias,
almanacs, and atlases
❖ 2. Crowd sources Wikipedia,
YouTube, message boards, and
social media sites like Twitter
and Facebook
❖ 3. Search sites

d. Repositories of Primary Sources
❖ There is no single repository of primary
sources.
❖ Primary sources are usually located in
archives, libraries, museums, historical
societies, and special collections.

e. Document Collection
1. Found Documents: Produced by
Organizations
2. Found Documents: Produced by Individuals
3. Found Documents: Publications
4. Found Documents: Secondary data
5. Found Documents: Multimedia
6. Researcher Generated Documents

2. External and Internal Criticism

Olgen-Jorgensen (1998) and Thuren (1997), two Scandinavian
historians, have formulated the following general principles for
determining reliability:
1. Human sources may be relics such as a fingerprint.
2. Any given source may be forged or corrupted.
3. The closer a source is to the event that it purports to describe, the
more one can trust it to give an accurate historical description of what
actually happened.
4. An eyewitness is more reliable than testimony secondhand, which is
more reliable than hearsay at further removal, and so on.

5. If a number of independent sources contain the same
message, the credibility of the message is strongly
increased.
6. The tendency of a source is its motivation for providing
some kind of bias. Tendencies should be minimized or
supplemented with opposite motivations.
7. If it can be demonstrated that the witness or source has
no direct interest in creating bias then the credibility of the
message is increased.

What if your sources are contradicting each other? What
do you do?
The seven-step procedure for source criticism in history by
Bernheim (1889) and Langlois & Seignobos (1898) might
be helpful:
1. If the sources all agree about an event, historians can consider the
event proved.
2. However, the majority does not rule; even if most sources relate
events in one way, that version will not prevail unless it passes the test
of critical textual analysis.
d. Contradictory Sources

3. The source whose account can be confirmed by reference to outside authorities
in some of its parts can be trusted in its entirety if it is impossible similarly to
confirm the entire text.
4. When two sources disagree on a particular point, the historian will prefer the
source with most "authority" -that is the source created by the expert or by the
eyewitness.
5. Eyewitnesses are, in general, to be preferred especially in circumstances where
the ordinary observer could have accurately reported what transpired and, more
specifically, when they deal with facts known by most contemporaries.
6. If two independently created sources agree on a matter, the reliability of each is
measurably enhanced.
7. When two sources disagree and there is no other means of evaluation, then
historians take the source which seems to accord best with common sense.
d. Contradictory Sources

e. Eyewitness Evidence
f. Indirect Witnesses
g. Oral Tradition
h. Synthesis: Historical Reasoning
i. Generalization in Historical Research

1. Which of the following is a primary
source?
A) A textbook summarizing historical
events
B) A diary written by a person who lived
during the Civil War
C) A documentary about World War II
D) An article analyzing Shakespeare's
plays

2. What distinguishes a primary source from a
secondary source?
A) A primary source is written by experts after the
event, while a secondary source is a firsthand
account.
B) A primary source is a firsthand account or original
document, while a secondary source interprets or
analyzes primary sources.
C) A primary source is always more accurate than a
secondary source.
D) A primary source is found in libraries, while a
secondary source is found online.

3. Which of the following would be
considered a secondary source?
A) A newspaper article written during the
time of an event
B) A research paper analyzing data from
a scientific experiment
C) Letters exchanged between soldiers
during wartime
D) An original manuscript of a novel

4. An autobiography is an
example of a:
A) Primary source
B) Secondary source
C) Tertiary source
D) None of the above

5. A biography written about a
famous scientist would be
considered a:
A) Primary source
B) Secondary source
C) Tertiary source
D) Primary and Secondary source

6. Which of the following is NOT an
example of a primary source?
A) Original letters from a historical figure
B) An ancient artifact from an
archaeological dig
C) A historian's analysis of a historical
event
D) A government document from the
time period being studied

7. If you were researching the impact of the
Renaissance on modern art, which of the
following would be a primary source?
A) An article in an academic journal about the
Renaissance
B) A painting created during the Renaissance
C) A modern textbook on Renaissance art
D) A website summarizing Renaissance artists

8. Which of these sources would be most reliable
for a research paper on World War I?
A) A fictional novel set in World War I
B) A letter written by a soldier during World War I
C) A blog post discussing World War I
D) A movie depicting events of World War I

9. What is the definition of history?
a) The study of future events
b) The study of past events
c) The study of current events
d) The study of fictional events

10. What is the primary focus of
speculative history?
A) Documenting historical events as they
occurred
B) Analyzing the possible outcomes of
historical events under different circumstances
C) Correcting errors in historical records
D) Preserving primary sources for future
generations

2. What distinguishes a primary source from a
secondary source?
A) A primary source is written by experts after the
event, while a secondary source is a firsthand
account.
B) A primary source is a firsthand account or
original document, while a secondary source
interprets or analyzes primary sources.
C) A primary source is always more accurate than a
secondary source.
D) A primary source is found in libraries, while a
secondary source is found online.

3. Which of the following would be
considered a secondary source?
A) A newspaper article written during the
time of an event
B) A research paper analyzing data
from a scientific experiment
C) Letters exchanged between soldiers
during wartime
D) An original manuscript of a novel

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