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Chapter 1.Introduction in disaster amagement
- 1. Prepared by: GrishmaThaker Unit 1: Introduction to Disaster
- 2. Definition A disasteris a serious problem that happens over a period of time and causes harm to people, things, economies, or the environment that the affected community or society cannot handle it on its own. (Wikipedia)
- 3. Introduction Disaster isa sudden, calamitous and unfortunate event that brings with it great damage, loss, destruction, and devastation to human life as well as property and also hampers the ongoing developmental projects in a particular area being affected by the disaster. A disaster has been defined in many ways; World Health Organization has defined disaster as any sudden occurrence of the events that cause damage, ecological disruption, loss of human life, deterioration of health and health services, on a scale sufficient to warrant an extraordinary response from outside the affected community or area.
- 5. Disaster and Hazard Hazard and disaster are closely related. A hazard is a natural event while the disaster is its consequence. A hazard is a perceived natural event which threatens both life and property. A disaster is the culmination of such hazard.
- 6. Difference Hazard Disaster It isa dangerous situation that possess threat to human life. It is an event that completely causes damage to human life and property. Has less critical consequences. Has more critical consequences Takes it full shape after a series of events, which might have led it to happen. Often happens in a short time, causing more severe effects. For example, dust storm, bordoichila, etc. For example, earthquake, tsunami, etc.
- 7. A hazardis a potential for a disaster. A hazard becomes a disaster when it hits an area affecting the normal life system. If a hazard like a cyclone hits an unpopulated area, say an unpopulated coast, it need not be considered as a disaster. However, it will be considered a disaster if life and property are seriously damaged. A hazard may be regarded as pre-disaster situation, in which some risk of disaster exists, because the human population has placed itself in a situation of risk. Disasters are extreme events which cause great loss of life and/or property and create severe disruptions to human activities. They can be created by human actions, e.g., transport accidents and industrial explosions or natural processes like earthquakes. A hazard is when extreme events or process occur in an area of human settlement and could cause loss of life and damage to existing constructed resources or infrastructure.
- 9. Types of Disasters Disaster Naturaldisaster Human-Made disaster Incidences of Mass Trauma
- 10. Types of Disasters Natural disasters: includes floods, hurricanes, earthquakes and volcano eruptions that have immediate impact on human health and secondary impact causing further death and suffering from (for example) floods, landslides, fires, tsunamis. Environmental emergencies: includes technological or industrial accidents, usually involving the production, use or transportation of hazardous material, and occur where these materials are produced, used or transported, and forest fires caused by humans. Complex emergencies: involves a break-down of authority, looting and attacks on strategic installations, including conflict situations and war. Pandemic emergencies: involves a sudden onset of contagious disease that affects health, disrupts services and businesses, brings economic and social costs.
- 12. Effects of Disaster It completely disrupts the normal day to day life. Causes a lot of loss in the terms of life and property. Leads to a loss of agriculture and animal life as well. Disasters hamper developmental projects in an adverse manner. Disaster causes destruction to the state of art and infrastructure. It negatively influences the emergency systems. Normal needs and processes like flood, shelter, health, etc. are affected and deteriorate depending on the intensity and severity of the disaster.
- 13. Defining Disaster Management Disaster management is defined as organization and management of resources and responsibilities for dealing with all humanitarian aspects of emergencies, in particular preparedness, response and recovery in order to lessen the impact of disasters. Prevention efforts and coordinated responses to disasters save lives and lessen their impact on communities. Professionals in disaster management play a crucial role in preventing suffering, protecting people’s livelihoods, and helping communities recover.
- 14. Need for DisasterManagement Measures The effect of any disaster spread over in operational area of railway corridor is likely to be substantial and will deal with thousands of passengers travelling in trains and are at stations and viaducts. Disaster brings about sudden and immense misery to humanity and disrupts normal human life in its established social and economic patterns. It has the potential to cause large scale human suffering due to loss of life, loss of livelihood, damage to property, injury and hardship. It may also cause destruction or damage to infrastructure, buildings. Therefore there is an urgent need to provide for an efficient Disaster Management Plan.
- 15. Objectives Save lifeand alleviate suffering. Provide help to stranded passengers and arrange their prompt evacuation. Instill a sense of security amongst all concerned by providing accurate information. Protect property. Expedite restoration of transportation and operation. Lay down the actions required to be taken by staff in the event of a disaster in order to ensure handling of crisis situation in coordinated manner. Ensure that all officials who are responsible to deal with the situation are thoroughly conversant with their duties and responsibilities in advance. It is important that these officials and workers are adequately trained in anticipation to avoid any kind of confusion and chaos at the time of the actual situation and to enable them to discharge their responsibilities with alertness and promptness.
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- 17. Disaster Management LifeCycle Preparedness is the only way of reducing the impact of disasters as most of the disasters are unpredictable and even if predicted, there is not much time to act. Community-based preparedness and management should be a high priority in physical therapy practice management. The local authorities should be empowered to act as soon as possible in the event of a disaster. Disaster management forces can help by removing people and property from a threatened location and by facilitating timely and effective rescue, relief and rehabilitation at the place of disaster.
- 18. Mitigation Mitigation canbe defined as the effort to reduce the loss of life and property in the event of a disaster by lessening the impact of disasters. Mitigation is taking action now before the next disaster to reduce human and financial consequences later. Mitigation involves analyzing risk, reducing risk and ensuring against risk.
- 19. Personal mitigationis a key to national preparedness. Effective mitigation at the time of disaster requires that we all understand local risks, address the hard choices, and invest in long-term community well-being. Without mitigation actions, we jeopardize our safety, financial security, and self- reliance. For effective mitigation, coordination, planning, and mock activities are very important. Examples of mitigation may can include measures such as: Clearing space around buildings to create a defensible space against fires Adding levees or improving property drainage to protect from flooding Securing furniture to floors and walls to help prevent damage/injuries during earthquakes Re-locating structures to less disaster-prone areas.
- 20. Preparedness Meaning: Totake actions ahead of time to be ready for an emergency The preparedness phase also occurs before a disaster takes place. Here, an organization attempts to understand how a disaster might affect overall productivity and the bottom line. The organization will also provide appropriate education while putting preparedness measures into place. Examples of preparedness include hosting training, education, drills, tabletop exercises, and full-scale exercises on disaster preparedness.
- 21. Response Meaning: Toprotect people and property in the wake of an emergency, disaster, or crisis The response phase occurs in the immediate aftermath of a disaster. Organizations must focus their attention on addressing immediate threats to people, property, and business. Occupant safety and wellbeing largely depends on your preparedness levels before disaster strikes. The most notable example of the response phase is ensuring that people are out of harm’s way.
- 22. Recovery Meaning: Torebuild after a disaster in an effort to return operations back to normal The recovery phase takes place after a disaster. This phase is the restoration of an organization following any impacts from a disaster. By this time, the organization has achieved at least some degree of physical, environmental, economic and social stability. An example of recovery is creating strategic protocols and action plans to address the most serious impacts of a disaster. The protocols should give clear steps to follow for various disaster events and cover multiple scenarios. For example, a flood protocol could include: The organization’s internal plan to mitigate the effects of water (fan deployment, etc.) The preferred water remediation service and their contact information If that vendor is unavailable, secondary and tertiary services to contact
- 23. Common Terminologies ProjectDisaster: This is any implementation process within the project phases that is considered to have not actualized as planned and led to derailment of the project and its acceptance. Disaster Management: The body of policy and administrative decisions and operational activities which pertain to the various stages of a disaster at all levels. Risk: The expected losses (lives lost, persons injured, damage to property and disruption of economic activity) due to a particular hazard. Risk is the product of hazard and vulnerability.
- 24. Vulnerability: Degreeof loss (for example, from 0 percent to 100 percent) resulting from a potentially damaging phenomenon. The following terms are key to understanding slow onset disasters and their impact on populations. Disaster Population: Usually associated with crisis-induced mass migration in which large numbers of people are forced to leave their homes to seek alternative means of survival. Such mass movements normally result from the effects of conflict, severe food shortages or collapse of economic support systems.
- 25. Disaster risk:The potential disaster losses, in lives, health status, livelihoods, assets and services, which could occur to a particular community or a society over some specified future time period. Disaster risk management: The systematic process of using administrative directives, organizations, and operational skills and capacities to implement strategies, policies and improved coping capacities in order to lessen the adverse impacts of hazards and the possibility of disaster. Disaster risk reduction: The concept and practice of reducing disaster risks through systematic efforts, to analyse and manage the causal factors of disasters, including through reduced exposure to hazards, lessened vulnerability of people and property, wise management of land and the environment, and improved preparedness for adverse events
- 26. Early warningsystem: The set of capacities needed to generate and disseminate timely and meaningful warning information to enable individuals, communities and organizations threatened by a hazard to prepare and to act appropriately and in sufficient time to reduce the possibility of harm or loss. Emergency management: The organization and management of resources and responsibilities for addressing all aspects of emergencies, in particular preparedness, response and initial recovery steps. Emergency services: The set of specialized agencies that have specific responsibilities and objectives in serving and protecting people and property in emergency situations.