Introduction to Building Construction

Prof. Karan S. Chauhan
Assistant Professor
Department Of Civil Engineering
@ Shri Labhubhai Trivedi Institute
Of Engineering And
Technology,Rajkot
Shri Labhubhai TrivediShri Labhubhai Trivedi
Institute of Engineering &Institute of Engineering &
Technology, RajkotTechnology, Rajkot
Introduction To BuildingIntroduction To Building
ConstructionConstruction
Subject Code : 2130607

Teaching and Examination Scheme:
Teaching Credits Examination Marks Total
Marks
Scheme
L T P C Theory Marks Practical Marks
3 1 0 4 70(GTU)+30(Mid) 30(Ex.V)+20(PA) = 150

 General :An Overview
 Components of Buildings
 Types of Buildings
 Design Loads

 The basic needs of a human being are food, clothing
and a shelter (Roti, Kapda, Makan).The primitive man
was using mountainous caves and hollows of trees as
a shelter.
 But, then he followed the art of nature and
constructed his first home as ‘hut’, using bamboos
and leaves, as the first civil engineering construction
carried out to satisfy the needs for a shelter.

 Now the art of creating the structure which was a shelter
in the primitive stages, employed modern techniques to
make the structure satisfy the practical needs as well as to
meet the aesthetical requirements.
 A man conceived an idea of intended structure, assessed
the requirements in accommodation, planned and designed
the structure to suit its purpose giving due thought to site,
climate, character and style of the building.

 National Building Code of India defines the building as :
 ‘Any structure for whatsoever purpose and of
whatsoever materials constructed and every part there of
whatever used for human habitation or not, includes all the
structural elements like foundation, plinth, walls, floors, roofs,
etc.

 Due to the economic pressure and due to the industrial
developments and due to the needs of infrastructure
development, many new methods and material of
construction are developed.
 The use of reinforced concrete construction triggered
the rapid development of modern architecture. Functional
structural components such as columns, beams, chhajjas,
canopies, RCC slabs became increasingly popular because of
the increased spped in construction.

 A building has two basic components :
1. Foundation or Substructure
2. Superstructure
 The portion of the building below the surrounding is termed as sub-
structure and the portion of the building above the ground is known
as superstructure.

 Foundation is the lowest part of a building or a structure below the ground
level, which is in direct contact with the ground and trnsmits the load coming
from the superstructure on the subsoil below it.
 The foundation may consist of concrete, stone and brick footings above the
base concrete.
 Depending upon the type of soil, its safe bearing capacity and the type of
building to be constructed, a structure may be provided with shallow or deep
foundations.

 The portion of the building above ground upto the top of the floor
immediately above the ground is known as plinth.
 The plinth height should be such that after levelling of the ground
adjoining the building, the rain water may not enter the ground floor.

 The purpose of a floor is to provide a level surface for the occupants
of a building, furniture, equipment, etc.
 The flooring may consist of plain cement concrete base (PCC) 1:4:8 of
100 mm, finished with cement mortar (1:3) of 20 mm thick or of
mosaic tiles or tiles or marble or polished kotah stones, etc.

 The walls are constructed by the use of building units, such as
bricks, stones, concrete blocks, etc. bonded together with
mortar is termed as masonry.
 The walls are provided to enclose or to divide the floor space
into rooms as per requirement and also provide privacy, security
and protection against sun, wind, rain.
 The column is an isolated vertical load bearing member of small
section of concrete or stone or brick masonry.

 A door provides access into the room, offers privacy of sight
and sound. The width and height of the door should be such as
to provide comfortable entry and exit to the users.
 A window is an opening made in the wall for providing light and
ventilation.
 A ventilator is a small opening made in the wall, provided at
lintel for the removal of exhaust air or foul gases.

 The stair is series of steps arranged to connect the different
floors of a building. The stair should so located as to provide
easy , safe and comfortable mode of communication. It may
be made of timber, stone, bricks, steel or reinforced
concrete, etc.

 A roof is the uppermost part of a building to cover the space
below and protect it from sun, wind, rain and snow, etc.
 A roof may be flat, pitched or curved in shape. The flat roof
may be of RCC slab and pitched roof may be trussed
structure covering material or curved roof may be a shell or
dome.

 The building finishes are used to give protective covering
to the various building components against natural agencies
and also they provide decorative effects.
 The building finishes are plastering, pointing, painting,
white colour washing, varnishing, distempering, etc.

 The building services include services like water supply,
drainage, sanitation, lighting and electricity, acoustics,
heating, ventilation, air conditioning, fire protection , etc.

 The buildings are classified according to use or
character of occupancy as below :
1. Residential buildings
2. Educational buildings
3. Institutional buildings
4. Assembly buildings
5. Business building
6. Mercantile buildings
7. Industrial buildings
8. Storage buildings
9. Hazardous buildings

 These buildings include any buildings used for normal
residential purposes, such as sleeping, cooking and dining
facilities, etc.
 It includes single or twin-unit dwellings, apartments or flats,
restaurants or hotels, etc.

 These include any building used for school, collage or day-
care purposes involving assembly for instruction, education
or recreation.

 These buildings are used for the purposes, such as medical or care of
persons suffering from physical or mental illness or disease, care of
infants, convalescents or aged persons and for penal or correctional
detention in which the liberty of the inmates is restricted.
 The institutional buildings ordinarily provide sleeping accommodation
for the occupants. They includes hospitals, sanitoriums, nursing homes,
jails, prisons and mental hospitals, etc.

 These are the buildings, where groups of people meet together
for amusements, recreation, social, religious, political, civil,
travel and similar purposes, such as – theaters, motion picture
house, assembly halls, marriage halls, museums, skating rings,
gymnasiums, auditoriums, places of worship, dance halls, club-
rooms, passenger, stations and terminals of air, surface, marine
and other public transportation services.

 These buildings are used for transaction of business for keeping
of accounts and records and for similar purpose, offices, banks,
professional establishments, courts, houses, libraries.
 The principal function of these buildings is transaction of public
business and keeping of books and records.

 These buildings are used as shops, stores, market, for
display and sale of merchandise either wholesale or retail.
 These are the buildings where products or materials of all
kinds and properties are fabricated, assembled,
manufactured or processed, as assembly plants,
laboratories, drycleaning plants, power plants, refineries,
dairies and saw mills.

 These buildings are used primarily for the storage or sheltering of
goods, wares or merchandise, as warehouses, cold storage plants,
freight depots, transit sheds, stores , grain elevators, stables.

 These buildings are used for the storage, handling, manufacture
or processing of highly combustible or explosive materials or
products, which are liable to burn with extreme rapidly and
which may produce poisonous elements or explosives, for
storage, handling, manufacturing or processing highly
corrosi8ve, toxic or noxious alkalies, acid or other liquids or
chemical producing flames, fumes and explosive, etc.

 The structure components of the building should be
strong enough to withstand all possible loads coming
over it. The various types of loads are as follows :
1. Dead loads
2. Live loads
3. Wind loads
4. Earthquake loads
5. Snow loads

 Dead load on a structure is the result of the weight of the
permanent components such as beams, floor slabs, columns
and walls. These components will produce the same
constant 'dead' load during the lifespan of the building.
Dead loads are exerted in the vertical plane.
 Dead load = volume of member x unit weight of materials

 By calculating the volume of each member and multiplying
by the unit weight of the materials from which it is
composed, an accurate dead load can be determined for
each component.
 The different components can then be added together to
determine the dead load for the entire structure.

 Dead load
 Volume of beam 10.0 x 0.6 x 0.3 = 1.8 m3
Unit weight of reinforced concrete = 24 kN/m3
Therefore,
 dead load of beam = volume x unit weight
= 1.8 m3
x 24 kN/m3
= 43.2 kN

Table: Dead load comparisons of various materialsTable: Dead load comparisons of various materials
Material Unit weight kN/m3
Plain concrete 23.5
Reinforced concrete 24
Glass 25.5
Mild steel 77
Hardwood 11
Softwood 8

 All unfixed items in a building such as people and furniture result in a
'live' load on the structure. Live loads are exerted in the vertical plane.
Live loads are variable as they depend on usage and capacity, therefore
the AS 1170 table provides allowances which are based on conservative
estimates.
 For example, the live load for a floor in a house is given as 1.5 kPa
compared to a dance hall floor live load of 5.0 kPa. It is reasonable to
expect that a dance hall would have more people in it than a house.

 Live load
 Area of floor = 6.0 m x 4.0 m = 24 m2
Live load rating of a house = 1.5 kPa
Therefore, live load of floor = 24 m2
x 1.5 kPa
= 36 kN

Table :Live load comparisonsTable :Live load comparisons
Live loads for floors as per building
usage
Uniformly
distributed load kPa
or kN/m2
Houses 1.5
Flats, apartments, motel bedrooms 2.0
Offices 3.0
Workshops 5.0
Parking, vehicle > 2.5 t 5.0
Hospitals, school assembly areas with
fixed seating
3.0
Dance halls, bars, lounges 5.0

 Wind loads have become very important in recent years
due to the extensive use of lighter materials and more
efficient building techniques. A Victorian era building with
heavy masonry, timbers and slate tiles will not be affected
by the wind load, but the structural design of a modern
steel clad industrial building is dominated by the wind load.

 Wind acts both on the main structure and on the individual
cladding units of a building. The structure has to be braced to
resist the horizontal load and anchored to the ground to prevent
the whole building from being blown away if the dead weight of
the building is not sufficient to hold it down. Because of this,
careful placement of bracing or other means of maintaining
stability is necessary. It is also important to tie the roof
materials to the supporting battens or rafters.

The ground motion earthquake vibrate the
structure, which can be resolved in three
mutually perpendicular directions, such as –x
and y-direction horizontal plane and z-
direction in vertical plane.
The prominent direction of ground vibration is
usually horizontal. Thus, the earthquake
imposes inertia forces both in horizontal and
the vertical directions.

 The total design lateral force or seismic base shear (VB) along
any principal direction is determine as follows :
 VB = Ah . W
 where, W = Seismic weight of the building
Ah = Design horizontal acceleration coefficient

 The snow loads act on roofs, which should be designed for
actual loads due to snow or for the imposed loads,
whichever is more severe.
 The mountaneous of northen parts of India are subjected
to snow fall.

s = µ .So
where
s =design snow load in Pa on plan area of roof
µ =shape coefficient
So =ground snow load in Pa
 The minimum design snow load on a roof area or any other
area above ground, is obtained by multiplying the ground, is
obtained by multiplying the snow load on the ground (S0)
by the shape coefficient ( µ ), as applicable to the
particular roof area considered.

Introduction to Building Construction

Introduction to Building Construction

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