Chapter #1 overview of programming and problem solving
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Computer programming involves planning a sequence of instructions for a computer to follow to solve a problem. It is a multi-step process that includes analyzing the problem, developing algorithmic instructions, and communicating the program to the computer. Common problem solving techniques used in programming include asking questions, looking for similarities, divide-and-conquer, and merging solutions. Programs allow computers to quickly and consistently repeat solutions.
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Chapter #1 overview of programming and problem solving
- 1. Chapter 1 Overview of Programming and Problem Solving
- 2. What is Programming? • LOGICALLY SEQUENTIAL thought • Order of things and actions
- 3. Computer Programming The process of planning a sequence of steps for a computer to follow.
- 4. Computer Program A sequence of instructions to be performed by a computer.
- 6. Computer Programming • Computer is a powerful tool • It is not intelligent! • In order to use computer to solve our problems, we must tell it what we want done and the order in which we want it done. • These instructions are called computer program. • This process is called computer programming. • The person giving these instructions is called a computer programmer.
- 7. Computer Programming • Analyze the problem • Develop a sequence of instructions for solving the problem. • Communicate it to the computer.
- 8. Computer Programs Once written, computer can repeat the solution very quickly and CONSISTENTLY.
- 9. Programming Language A set of rules, symbols, and special words used to construct a computer program.
- 10. Phases of the software life cycle • Requirement Definition • Analysis and design • Coding • Testing • Implementation • Maintenance
- 11. Two Phase Process • Problem solving – Analysis and specification – General solution (algorithm) – Verification • Implementation – Concrete solution (program) – Test
- 12. Problem Solving Techniques • Ask questions • Look for things that are similar • Means-ends analysis • Divide and Conquer • Merging solutions
- 13. Ask Questions • Ask questions until you have developed a clear understanding of the problem. • Who, What, Why, Where, When. – What do I have to work with? (my data or input) – How much data is there? – What should my output look like? – How many times is the process going to be repeated? – What are the exceptions to the main course? – What special error condition might come up?
- 14. Look for things that are familiar • Do not reinvent the wheel! • Draw Analogies
- 15. Means-Ends analysis • Starting point and ending state are known. • You need to devise the transformation function. • Ends are defined – you need to analyze your means of getting between them. • Lahore to Islamabad – What are the options? – Narrow down the options? – Figure out the details?
- 16. Divide and Conquer • Same as the Alkhwarzimi Principle. • Breakup the large problem into smaller units and then solve them one at a time. • Building block approach.
- 17. Divide and Conquer Hard Problem Hard Sub-problemEasy Sub-problem Easy Sub-problem Easy Sub-problemEasy Sub-problem
- 19. Merging Solution • Sometimes merging two independent solutions solves the problem more efficiently? • Calculate Average – Count values – Sum Values – Divide sum by count • Alternative approach – calculate partial sum as you count
- 20. Problem Solving Techniques • What is the unknown? – What is required? – What do you want? – What are you supposed to seek? • What are the data? – What is given? – What have you? • What is the condition? – By what condition the unknown is linked to the data?
- 21. A Puzzle A man, starting from point P, walked one mile due South. Then he changed direction and walked one mile due East. Then he turned to the left and walked one mile due North, and arrived at exactly at the point P he started from. During his journey, he saw a bear. What is the color of the bear? What is the unknown? How could we find the color of the bear from the mathematical data? Where is the link?
- 22. Conversion from Fahrenheit to Celsius • Output – Temperature in Celsius (C) • Inputs – Temperature in Fahrenheit (F) • Process 32)(F 9 5 C −=
- 23. Algorithm Make a Jam and Butter Sandwich • Output – Jam and Butter Sandwiches • Inputs – Jam, Butter, Bread, Knife, Plate • Process 1. Put two slices of bread on the plate 2. Using the knife, spread butter on one side 3. Using the knife, spread jam on the other side 4. Put the two slices together, clean side out 5. Repeat from step 1 to 4 to prepare more sandwiches
- 24. Calculate and print the average grade of 3 tests for the entire class • Input – 3 test scores for each student • output – Average of 3 tests for each student • Process 1. Get three scores 2. Add them together 3. Divide by three to get the average 4. Print the average 5. Repeat step 1 to 4 for next student 6. Stop if there are no more students
- 25. Algorithm ATM for withdrawal • Output – Money, error messages • Inputs – User Identification (ATM card), password, amount
- 26. ATM for withdrawal - Process 1. Get the ATM card for identification and ask for password 2. Check password 3. If password is not valid, generate an error message and go to step number 8. 4. Get the amount from the user 5. Check the current balance 6. If amount is greater than current balance, generate an error message and go to step number 8. 7. Subtract the amount from the balance and give out the cash. 8. Return the ATM card 9. Stop
- 27. Flow Charting Expresses the flow of processing in a structured pictorial format. Processing Steps Input and Output Steps Decision Flow of data Connectors Terminator
- 28. Flow chart for Converting Fahrenheit into Celsius Get temp. in ‘F’ Print ‘C’ Calculate )32(F 9 5 C −= Stop
- 29. Get bread, butter, jam, knife, and plate Put two slices of bread on the plate Spread butter on one slice Spread Jam on the other slice Put the two slices together, sticky side in Want another? Yes Stop No Flow chart for preparing a butter and jam sandwich
- 30. Add them together Divide the result by three More students? Yes Stop No Flow chart for calculating average of three scores Get three scores Print the average
- 31. Get Password Is Password Correct? Get amount Yes Is amount < Balance No Generate Error Message No Generate Error Message Subtract amount from balance Yes Stop Return ATM card ATM cash withdrawal process Dispense cash