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CHAPTER 15-HOW TO WRITE CHAPTER 3.pptx
- 2. 15 HOW TOWRITE CHAPTER 3 CHAPTER 3: METHODS OF RESEARCH AND PROCEDURES
- 3. Method of Research Themethod of research are the strategies, processes of data or evidence for analysis in order to uncover new information or create better understanding of a topic. The method of research used whether historical, descriptive or experimental.
- 4. Descriptive Method ofResearch It is a fact-finding study with adequate and accurate interpretation of the findings. It describes what is. It describes with emphasis what actually exist such as current conditions, practices, situations, or any phenomena. It is also a scientific method which involves observing and describing the behavior of a subject without influencing it in any way.
- 5. A descriptivestudy is one in which information is collected without changing the environment (i.e., nothing is manipulated). It is used to obtain information concerning the current status of the phenomena to describe “what exist” with respect to variables or conditions in a situation. Present trends, beliefs, public mind, their viewpoint and attitudes, their effects or development of new trends are described. Ex. Online Vs Modular classes; who performs better in their academic performance.
- 6. Method of CollectingData and Development of the Research Instrument Data collection tools refer to the devices/instruments used to collect data, such as a paper questionnaire or computer-assisted interviewing system. Case studies, checklists, interviews, observation sometimes, and surveys or questionnaires are all tools used to collect data.
- 7. Most used datacollection methods and tools 1. Interview – it is a face-to-face conversation between two individuals with the sole purpose of collecting relevant information to satisfy a research purpose. 2. Questionnaires – it is the process of collecting data through an instrument consisting of a series of questions and prompts to receive a response from individuals it is administered to.
- 8. Development of theInstrument Developing a good instrument is the most important part of conducting a high quality research study. Developing an instrument takes a lot of work and advanced preparation. It is very important that the instrument has been thoroughly critiqued, evaluated, and pilot tested by the student, supervisor, and others before it is administered for the actual study. Once the instrument has been administered, it cannot be changed. Any problems with the instrument after it has been administered will require the student to completely redo the data collection process, wasting considerable time and money. Therefore, researchers must take great thought and care when developing their instrument.
- 9. The Sampling Design it is the framework, or road map, that serves as the basis for the selection of a survey sample and affects many other important aspects of a survey as well. generally it refer to the technique used to select sample units for measurement (e.g., select individuals from a population or locations to sample within a study area). Before sample design methods can be considered, it is necessary to have thoroughly defined the population, study area, sampling unit, and sampling objective. All of these will have an impact on which sample design methods are suitable.
- 10. Population - the totalnumber of people in the group you are trying to study. If you are surveying your company, the size of the population is the total number of employees. Sample - is a selection of respondents chosen in such a way that they represent the total population as good as possible. Margin of error - a percentage that tells you how much you can expect your survey results to reflect the views of the overall population. The smaller the margin of error, the closer you are to having the exact answer at a given confidence level.
- 11. 4 main Typesof Probability Sample 1. Simple Random Sampling – every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected. Your sampling frame should include the whole population. 2. Systematic Sampling – is similar to simple random sampling, but it is usually slightly easier to conduct. Every member of the population is listed with a number, but instead of randomly generating numbers, individuals are chosen at regular intervals.
- 12. 3. Stratified Sampling– involves dividing the subpopulations that may differ in important ways. It allows you draw more precise conclusions by ensuring that every subgroup is properly represented in the sample. - to use this sampling method, you divide the population into subgroups (called strata) based on the relevant characteristic (e.g. gender, age range, income bracket, job role).
- 13. 4. Cluster Sampling( Multistage Cluster Sampling) - it is used when the population is so big or the geographical area of the research is so large. The general procedure is to divide the area or population into clusters or blocks and then within the final cluster apply any of the different methods of selecting a sample.
- 14. Statistical Treatment ofData - is when you apply some form of statistical method to a data set to transform it from a group of meaningless numbers into meaningful output. It involves the use of statistical methods such as: Mean Mode Median Regression Conditional probability Sampling Standard deviation Distribution range
- 16. Some guidelines inthe selection and application of statistical producers 1. Data should be organized using any or all of the following depending upon what is desired to be known or what is to be computed: talligram (tabulation table), ordered arrangement of scores, score distribution, class (grouped) frequency distribution, or scattergram. 2. When certain proportions of the population based on certain variables such as age, height, income, etc. Are desired to be known, frequency counts with their frequency percent may be used. For further analysis, cumulative frequencies (up and down) with their respective cumulative frequency percent (up and down) may also be utilized.
- 17. 3. When thetypical, normal, or average is desired to be known, the measure of central tendency such as the median, the mean or the mode may be computed and used. 4. When the variables being studied are abstract or continuous such that they cannot be counted individually such as adequacy, efficiency, excellence, extent, seriousness (of problems), and the like, the weighted mean may be computed and used if the average is desired to be known.
- 18. 5. When thevariability of the population is desired to be known, the measure of variability such as the range, quartile deviation, average deviation or the standard deviation may be computed and used. 6. When the relative replacements of scores or positions are desired to be known, ranking, quartile or percentile rank may be computed and used.
- 19. 7. When thesignificance of the treat of reaction or opinion of persons as a group toward a certain issue, situation, value or thing is desired to be known but in which there is a neutral position, the chi-square of equal probability, single group, is computed and interpreted. 8. When the significance of the difference between the reactions, or opinions of two distinct groups in which there is a neutral position is desired to be known, the chi- square of equal probability, two-group, is computed and used.
- 20. 9. To determinehow one variable varies with another, the coefficient of correlation is computed, as for instance, how the scores of a group of students in a Mathematics test vary with the scores of the same group of students in an English test. This is also used to determine the validity of a test by correlation between the two tests is known and known and a prediction is to be made as to what score a student gets in a second test after knowing his score in the first, the so-called regression equation is to be utilized. 10. If the significance of the difference between the perceptions of two groups about a certain situation is to be studied, the computation of the difference between means is to be made.
- 21. 11. To determinethe relative effectiveness of the different ways of doing things to which different randomized groups are respectively exposed to and only a post test is given to the different groups, analysis of variance is appropriate to use. If the four groups are given a given a pre-test and post-test, the analysis of covariance is utilized. 12. To determine the effects of some variables upon a single variable to which they are related, partial and multiple correlations are suggested to be used. 13. To determine the association between two independent variables, the chi-square of independence or chi-square of multiplication may be used.
- 22. Indeed, there arelots of research situations in which different statistical procedures may or can be used and if the researcher is not so sure that he is in the right path, he better consult good statistical books, or acquire the services of a good statistician plus the services of a computer especially if the statistical procedures are complex.
- 23. QUESTIONS FOR STUDY DISCUSSION 1.What topics are contained in chapter 3? 2. How do you describe your method of research? 3. How is the selection and preparation of the research instrument described? 4. How is the sampling design described? 5. Give the guidelines in the selection of statistical procedure to be used.
- 24. PREPARED BY: DANIEL M.AÑ0NUEVO KENNY ROSE B. AÑ0NUEVO LITO Z. AÑ0NUEVO AMY A. MONTERO IRIN REGIDOR