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The French Revolution and Napoleonic Era
- 1. Chapter 19 –The French Revolution
- 2. The Estates • FirstEstate – clergy Population in France • Second Estate – 1st 0.50% Estate noble families 2nd 1.50% Estate • Third Estate – 3rd everyone else Estate – bourgeoisie – peasant farmers – **Overwhelming majority 98%
- 3. Louis XVI andthe Estates General • First Estate – clergy • Second Estate – noble families • Third Estate – everyone else – bourgeoisie – peasant farmers – **Overwhelming majority
- 4. • Louis XVI– Bourbon dynasty – Weak, indecisive – incompetent • Marie Antoinette – Vain, unintelligent – Austrian – “Let them eat cake!”
- 5. Tennis Court Oath •Angered, 3rdEstate declares themselves a National Assembly on June 17, 1789 •They meet on a nearby tennis court and vow to remain until a Constitution was established (by Jacques Louis David)
- 6. • King's nervous •asks 1st and 2nd estate to join them and write a constitution together
- 7. No Dice • Storming of the Bastille • July 14, 1789 • peasants sweep through and attack nobility and feudal institutions
- 8. The Declaration ofthe Rights of Man • August – National Assembly writes a document to recognize natural rights, include a lot of Rousseau • widely copied and distributed across Europe • National Assembly abolishes the fedual system and declares freedom of worship, breaking from the Cath Ch.
- 9. • King andhis family taken to Paris so the 3rd Estate Revolutionaries can keep him out of the way • National Assembly establishes the nation- state as the source of all sovereignty or political authority
- 10. • National Assembly ratified a new constitution • Sets up constitutional monarchy – Issues? Those who wanted to abolish the monarchy felt cheated, those who wanted to retain the feudal structure felt betrayed – Not everyone is happy.
- 11. • Marie Antionette– sister of the Emperor of Austria • Austria and Prussia invade France • French revolutionaries hold them back • French leaders meet, new constitution • Convention – new ruling body – abolished monarchy, proclaimed France a republic
- 12. Dun, dun, dun…. • Jacobins lead the Convention • Imprison royal family • Behead king for treason in 1793
- 13. Marie is killedin October
- 14. Reign of Terror • Prussia and Austria regroup • Britain and Spain join in • Convention worried about foreign threats • Throw out constitution, AGAIN, • Committee of Public Safety – led by Maximilien Robespierre – an all-powerful enforcer of the revolution – Murders any with antirevolutionary tendancies Guillotine: between 18,000 and 40,000 people were executed during the Reign of Terror
- 15. Robespierre • Controls anarchy • Beheads tens of thousands of French citizens • Creates strong national military
- 16. Symbols of France • Tricolor – red, white, blue • Le Marsellaise – national anthem • Liberte, Egalite, Fraternite • Viva la nation! – Long live the nation!
- 17. • Guillotine for Robespierre • New constitution, 1795 • Directory in charge (five man gvt) – builds up the military
- 18. Napoleon • Napoleon Bonaparte overthrows the Directory in 1799 – Legitimizes actions with popular vote – Declares himself the First Consul under the new constitution – (…the FOURTH new constitution…)
- 19. Improving life • DomesticReforms – Agriculture, infrastructure, and public education – Works things out with the Cath. Ch. • Napoleonic Codes – 1804 – recognized equality of French citizens – Big step for human rights law – But not very good for women or children
- 20. Emperor • Crowns himselfemperor in 1804 • Literally crowns himself, shows he owes his throne to no one but himself
- 21. • Building an Empire Valued rapid movements and effective use of large armies • New plan for every battle • Presence “worth 40,000 troops” • The Grand Empire – – annexes areas of France, the Netherlands, Belgium, parts of Italy and Germany • Dissolves the HRE – Creates 38-member Confederation of the Rhine • Cuts Prussia in half; turns old Poland into the Duchy of Warsaw • Controls Europe by placing relatives and friends on thrones of conquered nations
- 22. • Sold Louisiana land to the USA – 1. Money to fund his army – 2. So Britain couldn’t access the Mississippi • Failed to acquire Britain – Battle of Trafalgar • Led by Br. Admiral Horatio Nelson • Napoleon turns his sights to Russia
- 23. Effects of Nationalism • France has new found sense of nationalism • Nationalism – tremendous pride and devotion in and to your country • But, nationalism in conquered countries inspires revolts against France, too • Spain loses holdings in the Americas b/c colonies revolt against Spain’s weakened control
- 24. Russia • In 1812Napoleon invades Russia with 600,000 French soldiers • Scorched Earth Policy • General Winter – Gives up in October – Only 100,000 survive
- 25. Coalition Against Napoleon • Russia, Britain, Austria, Sweden and Prussia become allies to take out Napoleon • 1813 – Battle of the Nations at Leipzig – Napoleon is defeated
- 26. Exiled • Napoleon abdicated •Victors exile him to Elba • Recognize Louis XVIII as king of France (brother of Louis XVI) – Restoration not a smooth one – King accepts Napoleonic Code and honors land settlements – But, people nervous and fear oppression
- 27. He returns! • Napoleonescapes island exile and returns! • Soldiers flock to him • Citizens cheer, king flees, • March 1815, Napoleon reenters Paris
- 28. The Final Showdown • June 18, 1815 opposing armies meet head to head in Waterloo, Belgium • Br Duke of Wellington; Pr. General Blucher – Lead the attack and crush France (Wellington at Waterloo)
- 29. This time itreally is the end… – Napoleon forced to abdicate again – Exiled on St. Helena…no more Napoleon
- 30. Fixing Europe • TheCongress of Vienna – 1814 to 1815 • The principal negotiators were: • Austria -- Prince Klemons von Metternich • Prussia -- King Frederick William III • Russia -- Czar Alexander I • Great Britain -- Castlereagh • France -- Prince Talleyrand
- 31. Work to restoreorder to Europe Congress of Vienna – Recognize balance of power • 5 nation-states • Austria, Prussia, Russia, Great Britain, and France – Gain power at expense of smaller states • Austria took some Italian territories • Russia took most of Poland • Britain added territories in Asia and the W. Hemisphere • Prussia took Rhine River land in W. Germany • Create Kingdom of Netherlands by joining Belgium and Luxembourg together with Holland
- 32. Congress of Viennacont. • Return to Status Quo – Restored old monarchies of Europe • Bourbons on throne in France and Spain • Holy Roman Empire – Reduced from 300+ independent states to 39 separate German states • Established a stable Europe which tried to prevent war • Very successful; peace in Europe for the next 100 years • Conservative; Tried to prevent domestic change in Europe
- 33.