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Chapter 1_DisasterNursing_GilbertFernando.pptx
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- 3. At the endof this lecture, SN’s will be able to: 1. Understand Philippines Disaster Risk Profile; 2. Classify the major types of disasters based on their unique characteristics and describe their consequences; 3. Identify societal factors that have contributed to increased losses (human and property) as the result of disasters; 4. Describe two principles of disaster planning, including the agent-specific and the all-hazards approach, and the basic components of a disaster plan; 5. Discuss the five areas of focus in emergency and disaster planning: preparedness, mitigation, response, recovery, and evaluation; 6. Describe risk assessment, hazard identification, and vulnerability analysis; 7. Assess constraints on a community’s or organization’s ability to respond; 8. Describe the core preparedness actions; and 9. Recognize situations suggestive of an increased need for additional comprehensive planning.
- 4. We arean archipelago of 7,107 islands A total land area of approximately 300,000 square kilometers (116,000 sq. miles) Three main islands: Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao The seas surrounding the islands are the Philippine Sea on the east, the South China Sea on the west, and the Celebes Sea on the south. The island of Borneo lies a few hundred kilometers southwest and Taiwan directly north. The Moluccas and Sulawesi are to the south/southwest, and Palau is to the east beyond the Philippine Sea.
- 5. Why are weprone to diverse natural hazards?
- 6. PACIFIC RING OFFIRE: This is the area where the Philippine Sea and Eurasian Tectonic Plates meet and is prone to occurrences of different geologic hazards
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- 11. PACIFIC TYPHOON BELT Thisexplains the occurrences of different weather disturbances such as typhoons. Our country is visited by an average of 20 typhoons per year, according to the Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA).
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- 14. 1. Today 50% of the world population lives in urban centers by 2030 this is expected to increase to 60%. 2. The majority of the largest cities, known as Mega Cities are in developing countries while 90% of the population growth of developing countries will be urban in nature. UNPLANNED URBANIZATION
- 15. CLIMATE CHANGE Largely dueto the emission of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide.
- 16. Weather : • Shortterm changes • Can change rapidly (what is happening outside right now) Climate : • Long term state • Occurs over seasons or longer
- 17. • Change inclimate identified by changes in properties • Persists for an extended period • Due to natural variability or as a result of human activity
- 18. •Stronger and more frequenttyphoons •Droughts •Extremely warm and cold seasons (Aftermath of Typhoon Haiyan in 2013) Photo credit:: Google Images
- 19. Rapid rise inglobal temperature brought about by the greenhouse effect. Photo credit:: Google Images
- 21. Greenhouse Gas (GHG) CarbonDioxide Methane
- 22. Greenhouse Gas (GHG) NitrousOxide Chlorofluorocarbon
- 23. Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Cuttingand Burning of Trees
- 28. •Sea level risedue to melting of ice caps •Growing unpredictability and intensity of rain and typhoon 1940 2004 Photo credit:: Google Images Effects of Climate Change
- 29. •Drought •Decrease in cropyields Photo credit:: Google Images Effects of Climate Change
- 30. •Diseases •Coastal erosion •Destroyed habitat Photocredit:: Google Images Effects of Climate Change
- 31. •Compromised water resources Photo credit::Google Images Effects of Climate Change
- 37. The 15 countrieswith the highest risk worldwide Country Risk (%) 1. Vanuatu 56.71 2. Antigua and Barbuda 30.80 3. Tonga 29.39 4. Solomon Islands 29.36 5. Guyana 22.87 6. Papua New Guinea 22.18 7. Brunei Darussalam 21.68 8. Guatemala 20.69 9. Philippines 20.69 10 .Bangladesh 18.78 3rd in 2011 – 2013 2nd in 2014 3rd in 2015 – 2016 3rd in 2017 3rd in 2018 9th in 2019 Developed by Bündnis Entwicklung Hilft in cooperation with the United Nations University in Bonn)
- 38. 193 Countries UN-recognized Over99 percent of the world’s population The countries with the highest disaster risk worldwide are the Philippines (WRI 46.82), India (WRI 42.31), and Indonesia (WRI 41.46). Publisher WorldRiskReport 2022 Bündnis Entwicklung Hilft Ruhr University Bochum – Institute for International Law of Peace and Armed Conflict (IFHV)
- 42. Philippine Disaster RiskProfile Major Disaster in the Philippines 2009 Tropical Storm Ondoy 464 Dead 37 Missing 529 Injured 4.9 M Affected PhP 11B Damages
- 43. Philippine Disaster RiskProfile Major Disaster in the Philippines 2013 Bohol Earthquake 209 Dead 8 Missing 877 Injured 3.2 M Affected PhP 2.25B Damages
- 44. Philippine Disaster RiskProfile Major Disaster in the Philippines 2013 Typhoon Yolanda 6 300 Dead 1 062 Missing 28 688 Injured 16 M Affected PhP 89.6B Damages
- 45. Philippine Disaster RiskProfile Major Disaster in the Philippines 2018 Mayon Volcano Eruption Around 90 000 Affected PhP 166 M Damages
- 46. Philippine Disaster RiskProfile Major Disaster in the Philippines 2018 Typhoon Ompong 82 Dead 2 Missing 138 Injured 3 M Affected PhP 33.9B Damages
- 47. Philippine Disaster RiskProfile Major Disaster in the Philippines 2019 Major Earthquakes Porac, Pampanga (M 6.1) Itbayat, Batanes (M 5.9) Castillejos, Zambales (M 5.9) San Julian, E. Samar (M 6.5) Tulunan, Cotabato (M 6.6) Davao Del Sur (M 6.9)
- 48. Philippine Disaster RiskProfile Major Disaster in the Philippines 2020 Taal Volcano Eruption 737 K Affected PhP 3B Damages
- 49. Philippine Disaster RiskProfile Major Disaster in the Philippines 2020 (to present) Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) As of 06 Feb. 2022: 3.6 million confirmed cases 54, 214 dead
- 50. Philippine Disaster RiskProfile Major Disaster in the Philippines 2013, Zamboanga Crisis 7 Dead 119 000 Displaced PhP 3.2B Damages
- 51. Philippine Disaster RiskProfile Major Disaster in the Philippines 2017, Marawi Crisis 87 Dead 350 000 Displaced PhP 17B Damages
- 52. Philippine Disaster RiskProfile Cost of Disasters It was estimated by the Philippine Institute for Development Studies (PIDS) that the estimated cost of disasters per year in the Philippine economy based on 1905 to 2017data is around 85 to 422 billion pesos.
- 55. How do wedifferentiate disasters from hazards?
- 56. A dangerous phenomenon, substance, humanactivity or condition that pose threat to life and property. RA 10121
- 57. Serious disruption ofthe functioning of a community or a society Human losses Material losses Economic losses Environmental losses Photo credit:: Google Images
- 58. Cebu City hospitalstaff members cope with disaster | Inquirer News A catastrophic event that results in casualties that overwhelm the healthcare resources in that particular community. Al-Madhari & Zeller
- 59. Major Disasters inthe Philippines 2009 Tropical Storm Ondoy 464 37 Dead Missing 5294.9 M Injured Affected PhP 11B Damages
- 60. Major Disasters inthe Philippines 2013 Bohol Earthquake 209 Dead 8 Missing 877Injured 3.2 M Affected PhP 2.25B Damages
- 61. Major Disasters inthe Philippines 2013 Typhoon Yolanda 6 300 Dead 1 062 Missing 28 688 Injured 16 M Affected PhP 89.6B Damages
- 62. Major Disasters inthe Philippines 2018 Mayon Volcano Eruption Around 90 000 Affected PhP 166 M Damages
- 63. Major Disasters inthe Philippines 2018 Typhoon Ompong 82 2 Dead Missing 138 3 M Injured Affected PhP 33.9B Damages
- 64. Major Disasters inthe Philippines 2019 Major Earthquakes Porac, Pampanga (M 6.1) Itbayat, Batanes (M 5.9) Castillejos, Zambales (M 5.9) San Julian, E. Samar (M 6.5) Tulunan, Cotabato (M 6.6) Davao Del Sur (M 6.9)
- 65. Major Disasters inthe Philippines 2020 Taal Volcano Eruption 737 K Affected PhP 3B Damages
- 66. Major Disasters inthe Philippines 2020 (to present) Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) As of 16 August 2023 (WHO): 4,173,631 confirmed cases 66,646 deaths
- 67. Major Disasters inthe Philippines 2013, Zamboanga Crisis 7 Dead 119 000 Displaced PhP 3.2B Damages
- 68. Major Disasters inthe Philippines 2017, Marawi Crisis 87 Dead 350 000 Displaced PhP 17B Damages
- 69. 2 Broad Categoriesof Disaster: Natural (Geophysical, hydrometeorological, climatological) Man-made (Human-induced)
- 70. 3 Broad Categoriesof Man- made Disaster: Complex Emergencies are situations where populations suffer significant casualties as a result of war, civil strife, or other political conflicts. This can result fromm a combination of forces such as drought, famine, disease, and political unrest. After 2017 Marawi battle, displaced Filipinos hope to return home
- 71. 3 Broad Categoriesof Man- made Disaster: Technological Disasters * NA-TECH Disaster (Natural and Technological Disasters) a natural disaster or phenomenon that triggers a secondary disaster, as a result of weaknesses in the human environment The Chernobyl disaster was a nuclear accident in Soviet Union
- 72. 3 Broad Categoriesof Man- made Disaster: Technological Disasters Sinking of the MV Princess of the Stars
- 73. 3 Broad Categoriesof Man-made Disaster: Disasters that are not caused by natural hazards but occur in human settlements (Human-settlement Disaster) 700 Residents Homeless in 14-hour Fire in March 2015
- 74. Disaster Categories Disaster arecategorized based on the following: Onset * Sudden/Rapid * Slow / Gradual and Progresive Impact * Sudden * Prolonged Duration * Short * Prolonged/ Protracted Location
- 75. Disasters in Hospitalsand other Health Care Facilities Internal Disruption of normal hospital function due to injuries or deaths of hospital personnel or damage to the physical plant, as with hospital fire, power failure or chemical spill. External Include scenarios such as earthquakes, mass casualty events or epidemics where the hospital itself may or may not be affected but is a critical part of the larger response.
- 76. Premature Deaths, Injuriesand Illnesses Damaged local health care Infrastructure Increased Risk of Communicable Diseases Psychological, emotional, and social impacts Food Shortage/Insecurity Displaced Population
- 77. 2013 Typhoon Yolanda 6 300Dead 1 062 Missing 28 688 Injured 2013 Bohol Earthquake 209 Dead 8 Missing 877 Injured
- 78. 2009 Tropical Storm Ondoy 464Dead 37 Missing 529 Injured 2020 (to present) Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) As of 06 Feb. 2022: 3.6 million confirmed cases 54, 214 dead
- 79. DOH: 177 health facilitiesaffected due to Abra quake | GMA News Online 15 health facilities incur minor damage from Paeng: DOH
- 80. The major causesof communicable disease in disasters can be categorized into four areas: Infections due to contaminated food and water Respiratory infections Vector and insect-borne diseases Infections due to wounds and injuries. More than 400 cases of diarrhoea and gastroenteritis in typhoon- affected areas due to ST Rai, with 141 health facilities damaged by the storm, according to Philippine Government agencies https://reliefweb.int/
- 81. Emotional instability, stress reactions,anxiety, trauma and other psychological symptoms are observed commonly after the disaster and other traumatic experiences. Disaster and its impact on mental health: A narrative review Nikunj Makwana Published online 2019 Oct 31 In the Philippines, after super typhoon Haiyan affected the Visayas Region, approximately 800,000 people suffered from mental health problems. Of this number, about 10% or 80,000 people were dealing with severe depression https://bmcproc.biomedcentral.com/articles/
- 82. 18 March 2021,Rome – A new report released today by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) shows that the increasing frequency and intensity of extreme weather disasters such as floods, droughts and megafires as a result of climate change is having a devastating effect on food security and livelihoods. https://unfccc.int/news/climate-change-related-disasters-a-major-threat-to-food-security-fao
- 83. Fighting in Zamboangaover the next four weeks displaced more than 100,000 people, most of them in the Muslim minority. The conflict resulted in dozens of deaths and the destruction of more than 10,000 homes. https://www.hrw.org/news/2014/04/30/philippines- protect-zamboangas-displaced-minorities
- 84. KEY MESSAGES A professional mandate existsthat calls for nurses to participate in the development of and serve as an integral part of a community’s disaster preparedness plan. Nurses must participate as full partners with the medical and emergency management communities in all aspects of disaster response and recovery.
Editor's Notes
- #3 Disasters are integral part of the human experience since the beginning of time. It had caused premature deaths, impaired quality of life and altered health status. And the risk of the disaster is ubiquitous, which means they are widespread, and happens everywhere at the same time. Th recent dramatic increase in natural disasters, their intensity , the number of people affected by them, and the human and economic losses associated with these events have placed an imperative on disaster planning for emergency preparedness. Global warming, shifts in climates, sea level rise and other societal factors may coalesece to create future calamities. Also, we have wars, acts of terrorism and other human-induced hazards are reminders of the potential threats and deadly consequences of inhumanity. In the PH, nurses are one of the largest sectors in the health care workforce, and therefore will certainly be on the front lines of any emergency response.
- #6 The Philippines as we are all probably aware is situated in the highly seismic area called the Pacific Ring of Fire.
- #7 The Philippines as we are all probably aware is situated in the highly seismic area called the Pacific Ring of Fire. Geologic hazards arte large-scale and complex natural events that happen on land. They are geologic conditions that are capable of causing damages. Such volcanic eruption, earthquakes, landslides induced, ground rupture, ground fissures, ground tremor or shaking, and seismic sea waves or tsunamis.
- #8 Pacific Ring of Fire. This position allows for the formation of volcanoes. According to the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS), these are Mts. Mayon, Taal, Kanlaon, Bulusan, and Ragang are the most active volcanoes. There are 27 active volcanoes in the Philippines, mostly located on Luzon island.
- #9 We have the so-called Philippine Fault Zone, which has a length of 1200 km, a major tectonic feature that transects from Luzon down to Mindano, in the entire archipelago of the Ph. And it has been the cause of large-magnitude earthquakes such as Luzon, Ragay Gulf, Masbate earthquakes.
- #10 A fault is a fracture or zone of fractures between two blocks of rock. Faults allow the blocks to move relative to each other. This movement may occur rapidly, in the form of an earthquake - or may occur slowly, in the form of creep. Trenches are long, narrow and very deep steep, V-shaped depression causing the seafloor to and the outermost crust to bend. If we will examine the seismicity or the frequency of occurrence of earthquakes, almost all parts of the country experience earthquakes. Generally, we encounter an average of 20 earthquakes a day, per latest figures from the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS).
- #11 Tsunami are seismic sea waves or giant waves caused by earthquakes or volcanic eruptions under the sea.
- #12 The Philippines is located in the World’s busiest typhoon belt. Typhoon form when cold air moves and meets the warm water. A typhoon is also sometimes called a hurricane or a cyclone, depending on where they are located. Both hurricanes and typhoons are cyclones. They are referred to as hurricanes in the Northern Atlantic Ocean and they are called typhoons in the Western Northern Pacific Ocean region. It can be the start of a low-pressure system or a start of a storm. There are different types of weather disturbances, some of which are tropical cyclones (tropical depression, tropical storm, typhoon/hurricane), tornado, intertropical convergence zone, and monsoons (northeast and southeast monsoon).
- #17 Before digging deeper on the next topic, discuss first the difference between weather and climate. Weather pertains to the short-term changes in atmospheric variables such as temperature and rainfall and it can change rapidly. Look outside. That is weather. On the other hand, climate is the long term state of atmospheric variables like rainfall and temperature. It occurs over seasons or longer. Hence, it may take time to be experienced.
- #18 Climate change, as defined by Republic Act 10121, is “a change in climate that can be identified by changes in the mean and/or variability of its properties and that persists for an extended period typically decades or longer, whether due to natural variability or as a result of human activity”. Our lives are and will continually be affected by climate change. Climate change contributes to increasing disaster risk, hence it could lead to more disasters. Ask the participants to share their thoughts and understanding about climate change.
- #19 Definitely, climate change is real and is happening. Why? Because we’ve experienced stronger and more typhoons (e.g. Typhoon Haiyan which was recorded as the strongest one). Secondly, we are experiencing more droughts in various parts of the region. Third, there are extremely warm and cold seasons. With climate change, disaster risk increases especially to the most vulnerable areas.
- #20 One of the known effects of climate change is global warming. According to the Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change, there is mounting evidence that the earth is rapidly getting warmer and much of this is caused by human activities. What causes this rapid rise in global temperature? The presence of too much greenhouse gases (e.g. carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, etc.) in the earth’s atmosphere which traps the sun’s heat is blamed for this. This natural phenomenon is known as the greenhouse effect.
- #21 Life as we know it would be impossible if not for the greenhouse effect, the process through which heat is absorbed and re-radiated in that atmosphere. The intensity of a planet’s greenhouse effect is determined by the relative abundance of greenhouse gases in its atmosphere. Without greenhouse gases, most of Earth’s heat would be lost to outer space, and our planet would quickly turn into a giant ball of ice. Increase the amount of greenhouse gases to the levels found on the planet Venus, and the Earth would be as hot as a pizza oven! Fortunately, the strength of Earth’s greenhouse effect keeps our planet within a temperature range that supports life. This diagram illustrates the greenhouse effect. Ideally, natural heat comes from the sea. Some of the heat is bounced back by the atmosphere, while some heat is absorbed by the earth. However, because of presence of too much greenhouse gases, more heat is being trapped instead of getting out of earth’s surface. That’s what the greenhouse gases do. Because there are just too many of them in the atmosphere, they make the planet warmer. Hence, it is called the greenhouse effect. Notes to the facilitator: The diagram may be too technical or advanced for community-level participants. Be careful that they may not readily appreciate the diagram. To make the discussion more interesting, call for a volunteer to try and explain the concept of greenhouse gas based on their general knowledge. Another option is to ask the participants to give different examples on how to explain greenhouse effect in a simple way. Here are some practical examples of explaining the greenhouse effect in a simple way: Greenhouse effect can be illustrated using our clothes. Those wearing undershirt (sando) feel more comfortable. Meanwhile, those wearing t-shirt with undershirt, jacket, blanket, and others can trap the heat of the body. The more layer of clothes we add, the more heat is trapped in our body. Greenhouse effect can be compared to cooking of rice in a pot. The cover of the pot traps the heat from boiling water. Hence, it causes the rice to be cooked.
- #22 What are greenhouse gases or GHG? Imagine your grandmother or mother cooking using wood or “uling.” The smoke released by these burning is sent out to the atmosphere and that is greenhouse gas. The chemical released into the atmosphere also is a greenhouse gas. Here are some examples of common GHGs: Firstly, carbon dioxide which is commonly released by usual human activities such as burning of fuels like coal, oil, and gas. Smokes released by manufacturing companies release carbon dioxide. We also have methane which comes from wastes of animals, garbage and even human poops. Industrial processes which generate human-made gases; agricultural production such as raising farm animals and use of pesticides and chemical fertilizers; and land use changes especially deforestation of tropical forests are releasing too much greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.
- #23 Nitrous oxide is also another source coming from fertilizers and pesticides. Chloroflourocarbon or CFCs from airconditioning units, refrigerators and hairsprays. Luckily, there are now airconditioning units, refrigerators and hairsprays that are known as CFC free.
- #24 Cutting and burning of trees or pagkakaingin. When we cut trees, there will be no “inhaler” of carbon dioxide which as mentioned earlier is a source of greenhouse gas. Trees and plants inhale carbon dioxide and exhales oxygen. Now, when we burn trees or if we do kaingin, the smoke is released into the atmosphere which adds to the warming of the earth.
- #25 In 2012, according to the World Research Institute (WRI) Climate Access Indicators Tool (CAIT), the energy sub-sectors serve as the main sources of greenhouse gases in the Philippines followed by the agriculture sub-sectors. So what are these energy sub-sectors? We have electricity, transport and those manufacturing companies. For the agriculture sub-sector, we have farm animals.
- #26 According to an ongoing temperature analysis led by scientists at NASA’s Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS), the average global temperature on Earth has increased by at least 1.1° Celsius (1.9° Fahrenheit) since 1880. The majority of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15 to 0.20°C per decade. As the maps show, global warming does not mean temperatures rise everywhere at every time by same rate. Temperatures might rise 5 degrees in one region and drop 2 degrees in another. For instance, exceptionally cold winters in one place might be balanced by extremely warm winters in another part of the world. Generally, warming is greater over land than over the oceans because water is slower to absorb and release heat (thermal inertia). Warming may also differ substantially within specific land masses and ocean basins.
- #27 According to an ongoing temperature analysis led by scientists at NASA’s Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS), the average global temperature on Earth has increased by at least 1.1° Celsius (1.9° Fahrenheit) since 1880. The majority of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15 to 0.20°C per decade. As the maps show, global warming does not mean temperatures rise everywhere at every time by same rate. Temperatures might rise 5 degrees in one region and drop 2 degrees in another. For instance, exceptionally cold winters in one place might be balanced by extremely warm winters in another part of the world. Generally, warming is greater over land than over the oceans because water is slower to absorb and release heat (thermal inertia). Warming may also differ substantially within specific land masses and ocean basins.
- #28 In 2012, according to the World Research Institute (WRI) Climate Access Indicators Tool (CAIT), the energy sub-sectors serve as the main sources of greenhouse gases in the Philippines followed by the agriculture sub-sectors. So what are these energy sub-sectors? We have electricity, transport and those manufacturing companies. For the agriculture sub-sector, we have farm animals.
- #29 What are the effects of climate change? Here are some of the effects that we have to recognize as the earth warms: First is the melting of the ice in the arctic making sea level rise. Second, sea water warms and evaporates more rapidly, which leads to the increase in number and intensity of typhoons, hurricanes, and all tropical storms. Due to sea level rise, there is a growing unpredictability and intensity of rain and typhoon. At the same time, due to sea level rise there appears, extreme flooding and storm surges or “daluyong”.
- #30 Aside from sea level rise, we also have drought or “tagtuyot.” Drought is defined as the prolonged period of dryness. When there is more drought, there is also higher demand for irrigation and decrease in or destruction of crop yields.
- #31 There is also an increase in incidence of diseases caused by mosquito-bites and parasites. (Mosquitoes reproduce due to rise in temperature and extreme flooding.) Excessive and/or prolonged rainfall creates suitable conditions for mosquito breeding sites. Likewise, climate change is also related to the increase in incidence of diseases brought about by extreme heat and poor air quality. Coastal erosion is another effect. Coastal erosion is the wearing away of coastal land or beaches which is mainly caused by the impact of waves along the shoreline. This is intensified during storms when waves are large and crash on shore with a lot of energy. It is manifested as narrowing and flattening of the beach that can damage infrastructures and threaten coastal communities. Habitats are also destroyed. When a habitat is destroyed, the plants, animals, and other organisms that occupied the habitat have a reduced carrying capacity so that populations decline and extinction becomes more likely.
- #32 Increasing climate change-induced storm surges will also flood coastal areas, threatening the quality of groundwater supplies and compromising their usability.
- #39 The 2022 report focuses on digitalization in the context of global disasters, analyzing the role that digital technologies play in disaster management, preparedness, and response. This year's report highlights how digital technologies have influenced disaster preparedness and response, along with the associated risks and challenges, including disinformation, misuse of data, and inequitable access to technology in the event of a disaster.
- #40 The composition of the ten countries with the highest risk remains virtually unchanged compared to the previous year. This year’s report is focus on diversity. Existing inequalities and discrimination reinforce the impact of disasters on the people affected. This results in specific challenges in terms of disaster preparedness and management.
- #59 Hazards present the possibility of the occurrence of a disaster caused by natural phenomenon, failure of man-made sources of energy or by human activity.
- #60 Disasters have been defined as ecologic disruptions, or emergencies, of a severity and magnitude that result in deaths, injuries, illness, and property damage that cannot be effectively managed using routine procedures or resources and that require outside assistance
- #72 Natural are those caused by natural of environmental forces and can either be geophysical, hydrometeorological and climatological Geophysical are geophysical conditions , large, and complex natural events that happen on land Climatological are long-lived processes climate variability - climate related disasters such as drought, wildfires, forest/bush fires Hydrometeoroloical are short-lived processes Man-made are human generated. Are those disasters in which the principal direct cause are identifiable human actions, deliberate or otherwise. Examples of Natural disasters are earthquakes, floods, tornadoes, hurricanes, volcanic eruptions, ice storms, tsunamis, ash fall, pyroclastic surge, and lahar deposits and other natural phenomena. Examples of Man-made include biological, chemical, biochemical terrorism, radiological events, housefires, transportation accidents, armed conflicts and acts of terrorism
- #73 Complex emergencies - are situations where populations suffer significant casualties as a result of war, civil strife, or other political conflicts. This can result fromm a combination of forces such as drought, famine, disease, and political unrest.
- #74 Technological disasters are massive disasters due to industrial accidents, unplanned release of nuclear energy, fires, explosions from hazardous substances such as fuel, chemicals and nuclear materials. NATECH also referred to as synergistic disasters, a combination of technological and natural disasters. Example is a chemical plant explosioin following an earthquake. The Chernobyl incident, when windstorms spread radioactive materials across the country, increasing by almost 50% of the land area contaminated.
- #75 400 liters of oily mixture from the sunken M/V Princess of the Stars Around noon on June 21, 2008, the motor vessel Princess of the Stars sank off Sibuyan Island, Romblon, in rough seas whipped by Typhoon “Frank.” The passenger ship owned by Sulpicio Lines sailed from Manila and was bound for Cebu City. Of the more than 800 passengers, only 32 survived. More than 300 bodies were recovered in the search and retrieval operations that followed. Read more: https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/383095/what-went-before-sinking-of-mv-princess-of-the-stars#ixzz816J0zO6e Follow us: @inquirerdotnet on Twitter | inquirerdotnet on Facebook
- #76 The entire city was shocked recently when an intense fire devastated many houses on the night of March 8, 2015 at the railway sector of Roxas City, and Sitio Cassandra, Punta Tabuc Roxas City. Many families lost their homes and their belongings. 182 houses and a warehouse were gutted by a fire in March 8, 2015. The affected houses were totally burnt and considered uninhabitable.
- #77 Disasters can be further categorized based on their unique characteristics such as onset, impact, duration and location. Onset - refers to the beginning Impact - its effects to the areas or communities Duration - the time during which something exists or lasts. Examples: Earthquake: sudden onset, sudden impact and short duration Droughts and famines have a more gradual onset or chronic genesis (the so-called creeping disasters) have prolonged impact Location - is the place the disaster occurs, particularly the population density of the location.
- #79 Disasters affect communities and their populations in different ways. Physical destruction Disruption of lifeline utilities and critical facilities Substantial percentage of the population may be rendered homeless and forced to flee or evacuate economic and social disruption More importantly, disasters may have short and long term health effects.
- #80 Disasters may cause premature deaths, illnesses and injuries
- #82 Disasters may destroy the local health infrastructures, which impedes ability to respond to the emergency. The disruption of the health care services and delivery may lead to long term consequences in terms of increased morbidity and mortality.
- #83 Disasters can create environmental imbalances, increasing the risk of communicable diseases and environmental hazards.
- #86 Large scale disasters may create a burden on other health care systems