Chapter - 3.pptxaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa

Chapter - 3.pptxaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa

• 1.
  By Ahmad AliSir CHAPTER 3 Rise and Spread of Islam
• 2.
  The rise ofIslam as a religion and its spread constitute a significant part of the history of the medieval world. The popularity of the religion, resulting from successful military campaigns as well as from its relevance to the lives of very different kinds of people, makes it a subject of much interest. Arabia in Pre-Islamic Times Arabs, before the rise of Islam, were divided into tribes or qabila, each led by a chief. These tribes emphasised on family cooperation to strengthen the clan system. Many Arab tribes were nomadic, moving from place to place in search of food and fodder for their camels. Some settled in cities and practised trade or agriculture. Since these nomadic tribes did not follow any single authority, there were frequent fights over resources between different tribe clans. Each tribe had its own god or goddess, who was worshipped as an idol in a shrine. Once a year, the warring tribes of Arabia would put aside their differences and meet in the city of Mecca. In Mecca, there is a cube-like structure called Kaba which housed idols from all the tribes of Arabia. The Kaba was the centre of Arabian religious life. Each tribe would make annual pilgrimages to the shrine.
• 3.
  Rise of Islamin Arabia It was in this world that Muhammad was born in 570 CE in the city of Mecca, in Quraysh tribe. After being orphaned at an early age, he was raised by his paternal grandfather, Abd al-Muttalib and his uncle, Abu Talib. From a very young age, Muhammad accompanied his uncle on his trading journeys, where he gained experience in trade. His journeys taught him about different places and their culture and beliefs. He met people following Judaism and Christianity. Muhammad was a righteous and spiritual man who often spent time meditating in cave Hira on Mount Jabal al-Nour near Mecca. He disliked idol worship and was concerned with the tribal clashes and economic inequalities amongst different clans. He believed that worshipping various deities led to these differences. Around 610 CE, when Muhammad was meditating in the cave one night, he received a revelation from Angel Gabriel that God had chosen him as His messenger. Gabriel recited the words of God or Allah to Muhammad in 'verses'. Muhammad was 40 at that time. Over the years, Muhammad received numerous revelations, which were compiled in the Quran.
• 4.
  Muhammad started preachingthat there is only one God-Allah, and that He alone should be worshipped. Muhammad also taught that one should live a life in complete submission to the will of Allah. Thus, Muhammad founded the religion of Islam and began his journey as a Prophet. His wife Khadijah is said to be his first follower. His family members and several people from his tribe started following his preaching and accepted Islam. Followers of Islam came to be known as Muslims, and the Quran became the holy book of the Muslims. Muhammad forbade idol worship and emphasised on goodness and service to all. By 622 CE, Muhammad gained considerable followers in Mecca. However, the monotheistic ideas of Islam soon faced considerable opposition from Meccan authorities. In 622 CE, Muhammad was forced to migrate with his followers to Medina. Muhammad's journey from Mecca to Medina is known as Hijrat. The Hijrat marks the beginning of the Muslim calendar.. The people of Medina welcomed Prophet Muhammad and his followers. At Medina, Muhammad set up a political community based on Islam. In 629 CE, Muhammad returned to Mecca and seized it. During the next two and a half years, numerous Arab tribes converted to Islam. Mecca and Medina became the holy places of Islam. Medina became the administrative capital of the rising Islamic state with Mecca as its religious centre. The idols in the Kaba in Mecca were removed as Muslims faced the shrine while offering prayers. By the time of Muhammad's death in 632 CE, Islam had spread to the entire Arabian Peninsula. Within a short time, Prophet Muhammad was able to unite the warring tribes of Arabia under a new faith community and state.
• 5.
  Principles of IslamIslam showed the path to attain complete peace through voluntary submission to Allah's will. Since Muhammad preached that there is a single God, Allah, Islam was established as a monotheistic faith. There are Articles of Faith on which rests the faith of every Muslim. These are: Belief in One God Allah Belief in Angels (Malaikah) Belief in all Prophets (Nabi) and Messengers (Rauf) of God Belief in God's revealed books Belief in fate or pre-destination (Qadar) Belief in the Judgement Day (Qayamah)
• 6.
  FIVE PILLARS OFISLAM All Muslims perform five duties, which are called the Five Pillars of Islam. The Five Pillars of Islam are the core beliefs that need to be followed, if one is to be accepted as a believer of Islam. Shabadah (Faith) Muslims must declare their faith that "there is only one God-Allah, and Muhammad is His Prophet. Salat (Prayer) Muslims must say their prayers five times a day: Fajr (before sunrise), Zuhr (early afternoon), Asr (late afternoon), Maghrib (after sunset) and Isha (night). They must face Mecca during Namaz. Zakat (Charity) Muslims must contribute a fixed proportion of their income to charity to help the poor and needy. Sawm (Fasting) Muslims must fast from dawn to dusk during Ramzan, Fasting involves abstinence from food, water and worldly comforts. Hajj (Pilgrimage to Mecca) Muslims must make a pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in their lifetime.
• 7.
  Islam after Muhammad-TheCaliphate Muhammad was succeeded by his loyal companion, Abu Bakr, Abu Bakr took the title of Khalifa or Caliph. The Caliph became the religious and political head of Muslims. Under the leadership of Abu Bakr and later Umar, the second Caliph, the Arabs emerged as a formidable military force and went on to conquer new lands at great speed. The zeal for territorial expansion was driven by religious fervour as well as the need to have control over greater resources. Umar was followed by Uthman as the next Caliph, but his reign was brought to an abrupt end in 656 CE. He was succeeded by Ali who was related directly to the Prophet. After the death of Ali, the caliphate moved into the hands of the Umayyad Dynasty and thereafter the Abbasids.
• 8.
  THE UMAYYAD ANDABBASID DYNASTIES The Umayyad caliphs established their capital at Damascus and adopted the court ceremonies and administrative institutions of the Byzantine Empire. They also introduced the concept of hereditary succession; thus, ending the traditional Muslim rule of electing representatives by the Muslim community. Under the Umayyads, the Islamic Empire stretched over vast areas like Iran, Syria, Central Asia, West Asia, North Africa and parts of Europe including Spain. The Umayyad dynasty ruled for about 90 years and was replaced by the Abbasids. They shifted the caliphate from Damascus to Baghdad. Under the Abbasids, the Arabs came to be associated with greatness and glory. Their empire came to be identified as the pinnacle of civilisation owing to their prosperity and power. Great cities, such as Cairo, Damascus and Baghdad, flourished and became centres of learning and knowledge. Their material prosperity allowed the Arabs to develop a new Islamic architectural style, characterised by minarets and domes. The new cities were adorned by impressive buildings following this style. The growing political aspirations of the Muslims brought them in direct conflict with the Christian world. The conflict later came to concentrate on the city of Jerusalem. The Christian Pope launched the Crusades or the Holy Wars to reclaim the 'Holy Land'. After their initial success, the Christian forces were compelled to retreat.
• 9.
  India and theArab World The Arabs had established trade relations with India since pre-Islamic times. Arab merchants would sail to the west coast of India to trade spices, gold and other goods. This led to Arab settlements on the western coasts of India. As Islam spread in Arabia, the Arab traders brought their religion and culture to India. There was increase in the Islamic influence in the coastal regions as many people embraced Islam. In 712 CE, Arabs under Muhammad bin Qasim invaded and occupied Sindh. However, they could not expand further due to the presence of strong Rajput kingdoms. THE TURKS By ninth century CE, the Arab Empire split into many independent kingdoms. Among them were the Turkish kingdoms of Ghazni and later Ghor. Their rulers launched a series of invasions into the Indian subcontinent paving way for the establishment of Muslim rule in India.
• 10.
  Timeline
• 11.
  Thank You