Chapter 3 Psych 1 Online Stud 1199408234400754 3[1]

Sensation and Perception Chapter 3

Sensation, Perception and Psychophysics Vision Hearing Taste Smell Body position Movement We receive and process information about:

Sensation, Perception and Psychophysics Sensation refers to stimulation or activation of the receptors. Perception is the organization of what you have sensed.

Sensation, Perception and Psychophysics Receptors for each sensory system respond to only one type of environmental stimulus. Transduction – physical properties are converted to a form we can perceive. Adaptation occurs when continued presentation of the same stimulus results in a loss of sensitivity.

Sensation, Perception and Psychophysics Psychophysicists, such as Ernst Weber and Gustav Fechner, studied the relationship between the mind and the body. Weber: Just noticeable difference (jnd) – The smallest amount of energy that must be added or subtracted to detect change 50% of the time Absolute Threshold

Sensory Systems Vision Light waves differ in terms of wavelength (hue) or color, anplitude (intensity), and saturation (purity). The psychological counterpart of wavelength is color .

Sensory Systems Vision Saturation = “trueness” of only one hue. Amplitude = intensity.

Additive and Subtractive Processes of Color Mixing Radiant light is visible energy emitted by an object Reflected light is light waves that are reflected from objects

Sensory Systems Vision Sensory systems of the eye consists of Rods and Cones. –The c ones have greater acuity, respond to c olor , and have a higher threshold for activation. About 120 million per eye. –The rods have lower acuity, respond to black and white and shades of gray, and have a lower threshold. About 7 million per eye.

Sensory Systems Visual Pathways

Two theories of color vision The trichromatic theory proposes that there are three different types of cones; The opponent-process theory argues that color-sensitive cells are arranged in pairs. Both theories are supported by research findings.

Opponent-process Theory Pairs of Yellow-Blue and Red-Green Cones

Color Blindness Dichromats lack the ability to see one of the three primary colors. Monochromats are unable to see color. Ishihara Plate

Sensory Systems Audition Audition is initiated by the movement of molecules in the air. Varies by wavelength (frequency), amplitude (intensity), and purity (timbre) Vibration of the eardrum starts a chain reaction that results in movement of fluid in the inner ear and the bending of specialized hair cells, which are the receptors for hearing.

Hearing Disorders Conduction deafness Sensorineural deafness Central deafness

Sensory Systems Gustation Molecules in solution stimulate taste. Hairs on taste buds, serve as the receptors. Each receptors may respond to several tastes, but each one is maximally sensitive to one of four tastes salty, sweet, sour, or bitter. Some people add metallic and alkaline

Sensory Systems Molecules in the air stimulate the sense of smell. Hairs located in the nasal cavity serve as the receptors. Olfaction has a direct connection to the limbic system [next]

Sensory Systems Vestibular Sense The vestibular sense enables us to adjust to different bodily movements.

Sensory Systems Kinesthetic Sense The kinesthetic sense allows us to determine the position of our extremities.

Sensory Systems Cutaneous Senses Mechanoreceptors Nocioreceptors Thermoreceptors Cutaneous receptors for pressure, pain, and temperature are located in the skin.

Perception We engage in selective attention because we cannot process all of the stimuli we encounter. Dichotic listening experiments study divided attention. With practice we can learn how to divide our attention effectively.

Perception Size Constancy We experience perceptual constancies when our perception of an object does not change, even though the retinal image.

Shape Constancy Perception of shape remains constant even though image on retina changes.

Depth Perception and Binocular Disparity Close objects translate very fast (brush) and distant objects pass very slow (mountains).

Gestalt Principles of Perception We actively organize our perceptual world into meaningful groups or wholes. The figure-ground relation is one of the most basic perceptual organizations.

Gestalt Principles of Perception Proximity

Perception Perceptual hypotheses are inferences about the nature of the stimuli we sense. Perceptual illusions and ambiguous figures may cause us to develop incorrect perceptual hypotheses. Hermann grid

Ames Room In the Ames Room, even the size of a familiar object (such as a person) is perceived largely distorted, because the misleading geometry generates an incorrect frame of reference

Skeptics Zener Cards, ESP, Telekinesis

Chapter 3 Psych 1 Online Stud 1199408234400754 3[1]

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