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Chapter 4
Dictation is a technique where learners listen to spoken language and write what they hear. It involves 100-150 word passages containing familiar vocabulary in new contexts. Variations include running dictation and dictogloss. Pre-dictation activities prime learners' listening by previewing words, questions, or repetitions. Dictation helps increase foreign language memory span through contextual practice listening and writing. Similar activities are dictogloss, oral reproduction, and retelling passages phrase-by-phrase.
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Introduction to dictation techniques for ESL/EFL listening and speaking as described by Nation & Newton.
Describes the dictation technique, including variations like dictogloss and running dictation.
Outlines what makes an effective dictation text, typically 100-150 words long with known vocabulary.
Provides an example of a quiz-type dictation text and engages learners in spatial reasoning.
Various pre-dictation activities aimed at preparing learners to effectively engage with dictation.
Lists different variations of dictation to cater to diverse classroom needs and learning styles.
Explores related techniques like delayed repetition and copying to enhance dictation learning.
Discusses factors affecting memory span during dictation in foreign languages versus native languages.
Describes similar activities to dictation such as dictogloss and oral reproduction exercises.
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Chapter 4
- 1. CHAPTER 4 Language-focused Learningthrough Dictation and Related Activities Nation & Newton. (2009). Teaching ESL/EFL Listening and Speaking. Routledge. 영어 말하기 듣기지도 2013.4.1.
- 2. Dictation Process • Wecan describe dictation as a technique where the learners receive some spoken input, hold this in their memory for a short time, and then write what they heard. • Variations: dictogloss and running dictation
- 3. Typical Text forDictation • A dictation text is a piece of connected language about 100 to 150 words long. It is usually chosen so that it is reasonably complete in itself and contains material that suits the level of the learners for whom it is intended. • Dictation will be most effective when it involves known vocabulary which is presented in unfamiliar collocations and constructions, and when there is opportunity for repetition of the material.
- 4. Text Variations • QuizFormat: There are four people sitting around a table. Three of the people are men—Mr Wood, Mr Williams and Mr Long. One person is a woman—Mrs X. The woman is the wife of one of the men. Mr Wood sits opposite Mrs X. Mr Long sits to the right of Mrs X. Mr Williams sits at one of the longer sides of the table. Mrs X does not sit next to her husband. Who is the husband of Mrs X? Show the positions of the four people around the table.
- 5. Pre-dictation Activities 1. read once by the teacher 2. the learners can be given the text to read and study before it is dictated 3. Certain types of words from the dictation can be written on the blackboard in the same order as they are in the dictation. 4. The teacher tells the learners to listen for all the words ending in s (or ing, ed, etc. or with the in front of them, etc.) and to write them. 5. The teacher writes pairs of words on the blackboard. (e.g., book-books, walk-walked ). 6. The teacher reads the dictation text several times. 7. The learners are given some questions to answer.
- 6. Variations of Dictation • Running Dictation • One Chance Dictation • Dictation of Long Phrases • Guided Dictation • Dictation for a Mixed Class • Peer Dictation • Completion Dictation • Perfect Dictation • Sentence Dictation • Unexploded Dictation
- 7. Related Techniques • DelayedRepetition • Delayed Copying • Read and Look-up (See Fig. 4.1)
- 8. Monitoring Dictation 1. Memory span is shorter in a foreign language than in the native language. 2. Memory span in a foreign language increases with mastery of the language. 3. The difference between the native and the foreign language memory span is greater when the material in the foreign language contains the pronunciation and grammatical contrasts between the languages. 4. The relation of memory span to foreign language is greater for contextual material than for numbers. Lado (1965: 128–129)
- 9. Similar Activities • Dictogloss • Dictocomp • Oral Reproduction (e.g. Disappearing text) • Retelling • Reproduction Exercise • Retelling • Phrase-by-phrase