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Chapter04
This document provides an overview of the key components inside a computer system unit, including the motherboard, processor, memory, ports, expansion slots, and power supply. It discusses the functions of these components and how they work together to process data. The document also describes different types of processors, memory, ports, and expansion cards that can be used to enhance system capabilities. Mobile computers and tablets are discussed, along with guidelines for selecting processor and memory configurations based on intended usage. Basic cleaning and maintenance of the system unit is also covered.
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Chapter04
- 1. Chapter 4 TheComponents of the System Unit
- 2. Chapter 4 ObjectivesDifferentiate among various styles of system units Identify chips, adapter cards, and other components of a motherboard Describe the components of a processor and how they complete a machine cycle Identify characteristics of various personal computer processors on the market today Define a bit and describe how a series of bits represents data Explain how programs transfer in and out of memory Differentiate among the various types of memory Describe the types of expansion slots and adapter cards Explain the differences among a serial port, a parallel port, a USB port, a FireWire port, and other ports Describe how buses contribute to a computer’s processing speed Identify components in mobile computers and mobile devices Understand how to clean a system unit Next
- 3. The System UnitWhat is the system unit ? p. 184 Fig. 4-1 Case that contains electronic components of the computer used to process data Sometimes called the chassis Next
- 4. The System UnitWhat are common components inside the system unit? p. 185 Fig. 4-2 Memory Adapter cards Sound card Video card Drive bays Power supply Processor Next
- 5. The System UnitWhat is the motherboard ? p. 186 Fig. 4-3 Main circuit board of the system unit Contains expansion slots, processor chips, and memory slots Also called system board Next Click to view Web Link, click Chapter 4, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click Motherboards below Chapter
- 6. The System UnitWhat is a chip ? p. 186 Small piece of semi-conducting material on which integrated circuits are etched Integrated circuits contain many microscopic pathways capable of carrying electrical current Chips are packaged so they can be attached to a circuit board Next
- 7. Processor What isthe central processing unit (CPU) ? Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) p. 187 - 188 Fig. 4-4 Input Devices Storage Devices Output Devices Interprets and carries out basic instructions that operate a computer Memory Data Information Control Unit Control unit directs and coordinates operations in computer Arithmetic logic unit (ALU) performs arithmetic, comparison, and logical operations Also called the processor Processor Control Unit Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) Next Instructions Data Information Instructions Data Information
- 8. Processor What isa machine cycle? p. 188 Fig. 4-5 Step 1. Fetch Obtain program instruction or data item from memory Step 2. Decode Translate instruction into commands Step 4. Store Write result to memory Step 3. Execute Carry out command Four operations of the CPU comprise a machine cycle Processor Control Unit Memory ALU Next
- 9. Processor What is pipelining? p. 189 Fig. 4-6 Processor begins fetching second instruction before completing machine cycle for first instruction Results in faster processing Next
- 10. Processor What isa register? Stores location from where instruction was fetched Stores instruction while it is being decoded p. 189 Stores data while ALU computes it Stores results of calculation Temporary high-speed storage area that holds data and instructions Next
- 11. Processor What isthe system clock ? p. 189 - 190 Each tick is a clock cycle Pace of system clock is clock speed Most clock speeds are in the gigahertz (GHz) range (1 GHz = one billion ticks of system clock per second) Processor speed can also be measured in millions of instructions per second (MIPS) Controls timing of all computer operations Generates regular electronic pulses, or ticks, that set operating pace of components of system unit Next
- 12. Processor What are dual-core and multi-core processors ? p. 190 A dual-core processor is a single chip that contains two separate processors A multi-core processor is a chip with two or more separate processors Each processor on a dual-core/multi-core chip generally runs at a slower clock speed, but increase overall performance Next Click to view Web Link, click Chapter 4, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click Multi-Core Processors below Chapter 4
- 13. Processor What arethe guidelines for selecting a processor? p. 192 Fig. 4-8 Next
- 14. Processor What are heat sinks, heat pipes, and liquid cooling? p. 193 Fig. 4-9 Heat sink—component with fins that cools processor Heat pipe e —smaller device for notebook computers Liquid cooling—uses a continuous flow of fluids to transfer heat away Next
- 15. Processor What is parallel processing? p. 194 Fig. 4-10 Control Processor Results combined Using multiple processors simultaneously to execute a program faster Requires special software to divide problem and bring results together Next Processor 1 Memory Processor 2 Memory Processor 3 Memory Processor 4 Memory
- 16. Data Representation Howdo computers represent data? p. 194 - 195 Fig. 4-11 Recognize only two discrete states: on or off Use a binary system to recognize two states Use Number system with two unique digits: 0 and 1, called bits (short for binary digits) Most computers are digital Next
- 17. Data Representation Whatis a byte ? p. 195 Fig. 4-12 Eight bits grouped together as a unit Provides enough different combinations of 0s and 1s to represent 256 individual characters Numbers Uppercase and lowercase letters Punctuation marks Other Next
- 18. Data Representation Whatare three popular coding systems to represent data? p. 195 Fig. 4-13 ASCII—American Standard Code for Information Interchange EBCDIC—Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code Unicode—coding scheme capable of representing all world’s languages Next ASCII Symbol EBCDIC 00110000 0 11110000 00110001 1 11110001 00110010 2 11110010 00110011 3 11110011
- 19. Data Representation Howis a letter converted to binary form and back? p. 196 Fig. 4-14 Step 3. The system unit converts the scan code for the capital letter T to its ASCII binary code (01010100) and stores it in memory for processing. Next Step 2. An electronic signal for the capital letter T is sent to the system unit. Step 4. After processing, the binary code for the capital letter T is converted to an image, and displayed on the output device. T Step 1. The user presses the capital letter T (SHIFT+T key) on the keyboard.
- 20. Memory What is memory ? p. 197 Fig. 4-15 Electronic components that store instructions, data, and results Consists of one or more chips on motherboard or other circuit board Each byte stored in unique location called an address, similar to seats in a concert hall Next
- 21. Memory How ismemory measured? p. 197 Fig. 4-16 By number of bytes available for storage Next Term Abbreviation Approximate Size Kilobyte KB or K 1 thousand bytes Megabyte MB 1 million bytes Gigabyte GB 1 billion bytes Terabyte TB 1 trillion bytes
- 22. Memory What is random access memory ( RAM ) ? p. 198 - 199 The more RAM a computer has, the faster it responds Also called main memory or primary storage Most RAM is volatile, it is lost when computer’s power is turned off Memory chips that can be read from and written to by processor Next Click to view Web Link, click Chapter 4, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click RAM below Chapter
- 23. Memory How doprogram instructions transfer in and out of RAM? p. 198 Fig. 4-17 Step 1. When you start the computer, certain operating system files are loaded into RAM from the hard disk. The operating system displays the user interface on the screen. Operating system instructions Web browser instructions Paint program instructions Operating system interface Web browser window Paint program window Web browser program instructions are removed from RAM Web browser window is no longer displayed on desktop Step 2. When you start a Web browser, the program’s instructions are loaded into RAM from the hard disk. The Web browser window is displayed on the screen. Step 3. When you start a paint program, the program’s instructions are loaded into RAM from the hard disk. The paint program, along with the Web Browser and certain operating system instructions are in RAM. The paint program window is displayed on the screen. Step 4. When you quit a program, such as the Web browser, its program instructions are removed from RAM. The Web browser is no longer displayed on the screen. Next RAM RAM
- 24. Memory Video: TheLeopard with a Time Machine Next CLICK TO START
- 25. Memory What aretwo basic types of RAM chips? p. 199 Static RAM (SRAM) Dynamic RAM (DRAM) Newer Type: Magnetoresistive RAM (MRAM) Must be re-energized constantly Do not have to be re-energized as often as DRAM Most common type Faster and more reliable than DRAM chips Next
- 26. Memory Where doesmemory reside? p. 199 Fig. 4-18 Resides on small circuit board called memory module Memory slots on motherboard hold memory modules memory chip memory slot dual inline memory module Next
- 27. Memory How muchRAM does an application require? p. 199 Depends on the types of software you plan to use For optimal performance, you need more than minimum specifications Next
- 28. Memory How muchRAM do you need? p. 200 Fig. 4-19 Depends on type of applications you intend to run on your computer Next RAM Use 512 MB to 1 GB 1 GB to 2 GB 2 GB and up Home and business users managing personal finances Using standard application software such as word processing Using educational or entertainment CD-ROMs Communicating with others on the Web Users requiring more advanced multimedia capabilities Running number-intensive accounting, financial, or spreadsheet programs Using voice recognition Working with videos, music, and digital imaging Creating Web sites Participating in video conferences Playing Internet games Power users creating professional Web sites Running sophisticated CAD, 3D design, or other graphics-intensive software
- 29. Memory What is cache ? p. 201 Fig. 4-20 L1 cache built into processor L2 cache slower but has larger capacity L2 advanced transfer cache is faster, built directly on processor chip L3 cache is separate from processor chip on motherboard (L3 is only on computers that use L2 advanced transfer cache) Helps speed computer processes by storing frequently used instructions and data Also called memory cache Next Click to view Web Link, click Chapter 4, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click Cache below Chapter
- 30. Memory What is read-only memory (ROM) ? p. 201 - 202 Memory chips that store permanent data and instructions Nonvolatile memory , it is not lost when computer’s power is turned off Three types: Firmware — Manufactured with permanently written data, instructions, or information EEPROM (electrically erasable programmable read-only memory)— Type of PROM containing microcode programmer can erase PROM (programmable read-only memory)— Blank ROM chip onto which a programmer can write permanently Next
- 31. Memory What is flash memory ? p. 202 Fig. 4-21 Step 1. Purchase and download music tracks from a Web site. With one end of a special cable connected to the system unit, connect the other end to the USB port in the portable media player. Step 2. Instruct the computer to copy the music tracks to the flash memory chip in the portable media player. Step 3. Plug the headphones into the portable media player, push a button on the portable media player, and listen to the music through the headphones. Nonvolatile memory that can be erased electronically and rewritten Used with PDAs, smart phones, printers, digital cameras, automotive devices, audio players, digital voice recorders, and pagers Next Click to view Web Link, click Chapter 4, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click Flash Memory below Chapter 4 MP3 Player flash memory chips USB port
- 32. Memory What is CMOS ? p. 203 Next Uses battery power to retain information when other power is turned off Stores date, time, and computer’s startup information C omplementary m etal- o xide s emiconductor memory Used in some RAM chips, flash memory chips, and other types of memory chips
- 33. Memory What is access time ? p. 203 Figs. 4-22-4-23 Amount of time it takes processor to read data from memory Measured in nanoseconds (ns), one billionth of a second It takes 1/10 of a second to blink your eye; a computer can perform up to 10 million operations in same amount of time Next Term Speed Millisecond One-thousandth of a second Microsecond One-millionth of a second Nanosecond One-billionth of a second Picosecond One-trillionth of a second
- 34. Expansion Slots andAdapter Cards What is an adapter card ? p. 204 Fig. 4-24 Enhances system unit or provides connections to external devices called peripherals Also called an expansion card Next Click to view Web Link, click Chapter 4, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click Sound Cards below Chapter 4
- 35. Expansion Slots andAdapter Cards What is an expansion slot ? p. 204 - 205 Fig. 4-25 An opening, or socket, on the motherboard that can hold an adapter card With Plug and Play , the computer automatically configures cards and other devices as you install them Next
- 36. Expansion Slots andAdapter Cards What are flash memory cards , PC cards , and ExpressCard modules ? p. 205 Fig. 4-26–4-27 An ExpressCard module adds memory, storage, sound, fax/modem, communications, and other capabilities to notebook computers A flash memory card allows users to transfer data from mobile devices to desktop computers USB Flash drive An PC card adds various capabilities to computers Next Click to view Web Link, click Chapter 4, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click ExpressCard Modules below Chapter 4
- 37. Ports and ConnectorsWhat are ports and connectors ? p. 206 Fig. 4-28 Port connects external devices to system unit Connector joins cable to peripheral Available in one of two genders: male and female Next
- 38. Ports and ConnectorsWhat are different types of connectors? p. 207 Fig. 4-29 Next
- 39. Ports and ConnectorsWhat is a serial port ? p. 207 Fig. 4-30 Transmits one bit of data at a time Connects slow-speed devices, such as mouse, keyboard, modem Next
- 40. Ports and ConnectorsWhat is a parallel port ? p. 208 Fig. 4-31 Connects devices that can transfer more than one bit at a time, such as a printer Next
- 41. Ports and ConnectorsWhat are USB ports ? p. 208 USB ( u niversal s erial b us) port can connect up to 127 different peripherals together with a single connector type USB 2.0 Third USB device connects to second USB device, and so on Second USB device connects to first USB device First USB device connects to USB port on computer Single USB port can be used to attach multiple peripherals in a daisy chain PCs typically have six to eight USB ports on front or back of the system unit Next
- 42. Ports and ConnectorsWhat are FireWire ports ? p. 209 Connects multiple types of devices that require faster data transmission speeds Allows you to connect up to 63 devices together Next Click to view Web Link, click Chapter 4, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click FireWire Ports below Chapter 4
- 43. Ports and ConnectorsWhat are special-purpose ports? p. 209 - 210 Fig. 4-32 MIDI (Musical Instrument Digital Interface) port eSATA port SCSI port IrDA (Infrared Data Association) port Bluetooth port Allow users to attach specialized peripherals or transmit data to wireless devices Next
- 44. Buses What isa bus ? p. 211 - 212 Fig. 4-35 Channel that allows devices inside computer to communicate with each other System bus connects processor and RAM Bus width determines number of bits transmitted at one time Word size is the number of bits processor can interpret and execute at a given time Next
- 45. Buses What isan expansion bus? PC Card Bus p. 212 Allows processor to communicate with peripherals USB Bus PCI Bus PCI Express Bus AGP Bus Next
- 46. Bays What isa bay ? p. 212 Fig. 4-36 Opening inside system unit used to install additional equipment Drive bays typically hold disk drives Next
- 47. Power Supply Whatis a power supply ? p. 213 External peripherals might use an AC adapter , which is an external power supply Next Converts AC Power into DC Power Fan keeps system unit components cool
- 48. Mobile Computers andDevices What is a mobile computer? p. 213 - 214 Fig. 4-37 Notebook, weighing between 2.5 and 9 pounds, or mobile device such as a PDA Next
- 49. Mobile Computers andDevices What ports are on a notebook computer? p. 214 Fig. 4-38 Next
- 50. Mobile Computers andDevices What ports and slots are on a tablet PC? p. 214 Fig. 4-39 Next
- 51. Putting It AllTogether What are suggested processor and RAM configurations based on the needs of various types of users? p. 215 Fig. 4-40 Next
- 52. Keeping Your ComputerClean Over time, the system unit collects dust – even in a clean environment p. 216 Fig. 4-41 Preventative maintenance requires a few basic products: Next
- 53. Summary of theComponents of the System Unit Components of the system unit How memory stores data, instructions, and information Sequence of operations that occur when a computer executes an instruction Comparison of various personal computer processors on the market today Chapter 4 Complete How to clean a system unit